Glossary

Verb (to align): Identifying common building blocks of calculation methodology over different schemes, e.g., methodology decisions, defined data points.

Noun: The state of commonality between two approaches/systems.

Source: Steel Standards Principles (SSP) 

A project or mechanism that aims to improve alignment between two or more standards, undertaken with agreement by the standard owners, or by an initiative aiming to influence the alignment of standards or data.

Source: Steel Standards Principles (SSP) interoperability working group

Number of (F + LTI + RWC + MTI + MI) * 1,000,000 / hours worked

Note: F = fatalities; LTI = lost time injuries; RWC = restricted work cases; MTI = medical treatment injuries; MI = minor injuries.

Steel is an alloy (a mixture of chemical elements of which at least one is a metal) of iron and carbon.

The heat treatment process by which steel products are reheated to a suitable temperature to remove stresses from previous processing and to soften them and/or improve their machinability and cold-forming properties.

The withdrawal of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the atmosphere as a result of deliberate human activities. These include enhancing biological sinks of CO2 and using chemical engineering to achieve long-term removal and storage.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS), which alone does not remove CO2 from the atmosphere, can help reduce atmospheric CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources if it is combined with bioenergy production (BECCS), or if CO2 is captured from the air directly and stored (DACCS).

Source: IPCC AR6

ASU is obtained by adding up deliveries (defined as what comes out of the steel producer's facility gate) and net direct imports. As a unit of measurement worldsteel uses the metric tonne.

Emission reductions that occur outside of a product's life cycle or value chain, but as a result of the use of that product. It compares the life cycle emissions from the product system of the studied object and the life cycle emissions from a reference product system.

Source: World Resources Institute | Synonym: Scope 4

Data which do not fulfil the requirements for primary data.

Note 1 to entry: Secondary data can include data from databases and published literature, default emission factors from national inventories, calculated data, estimates or other representative data, validated by competent authorities.

Note 2 to entry: Secondary data can include data obtained from proxy processes or estimates.

Steel scrap is one of the steel industry's most important raw materials. It comes from all steel-containing products that reach the end of their life (post-consumer scrap), from demolished structures to end-of-life vehicles, packaging, white goods and machinery, and the yield losses in the steelmaking and manufacturing processes (pre-consumer scrap). It can also include iron scrap.

All steel can be recycled into new steel. All new steel contains some steel scrap.

Source: ISO 14067:2018 | Synonym: Secondary data

A finished steel product, commonly in flat, square, round or hexagonal shapes. Rolled from billets, bars are produced in two major types: merchant and special.

Making steel through oxidation by injecting oxygen through a lance above a molten mixture of pig iron and scrap steel.

A process for making steel by blowing air into molten pig iron through the bottom of a converter.

A semi-finished steel product with a square cross-section up to 155mm x 155mm. This product is either rolled or continuously cast and is then transformed by rolling to obtain finished products like wire rod, merchant bars and other sections. The range of semi-finished products above 155 mm x 155 mm are called blooms.

Emissions derived from biomass, which is material of biological origin, excluding material embedded in geological formations and material transformed to fossilised material.

Note 1: Biomass includes organic material (both living and dead), e.g. trees, crops, grasses, tree litter, algae, animals, manure, and waste of biological origin.

Source: ISO 14067:2018 | Synonym: Biogenic emissions

Emissions derived from biomass, which is material of biological origin, excluding material embedded in geological formations and material transformed to fossilised material.

Note: Biomass includes organic material (both living and dead), e.g. trees, crops, grasses, tree litter, algae, animals, manure, and waste of biological origin.

Source: ISO 14067:2018 | Synonym: Biogenic carbon

Applying CCS to remove biogenic carbon from industrial installations or processes.

Source: proposed

Steel sheet of high dimensional precision, in simple or complex form, sometimes multi-thickness, constituting principally automobile body parts.

A furnace used for smelting iron from iron ore.

See billet

Chain of custody model in which the certified material is completely decoupled from sustainability data. Certified and non-certified products flow freely throughout the supply chain, with volume reconciliation performed on an administrative basis.

Chain of custody model in which the administrative record flow is not necessarily connected to the physical flow of material or product throughout the supply chain (GHG Protocol, 2022b). Commonly referred to as "unbundled certificates" to support claims.

Source: SBTi/ISO 22085 - ISEAL - GHG Protocol

Breakthrough technology produces low-carbon steel in a radically different way to the conventional blast furnace, DRI or EAF technology.

Examples of breakthrough technologies under development include hydrogen reduction, carbon capture and storage (CCS), electrolysis of iron ore, a suite of carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS) technologies, and new smelting-reduction processes.

Anthropogenic activities removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and durably storing it in geological, terrestrial, or ocean reservoirs, or in products.

It includes existing and potential anthropogenic enhancement of biological or geochemical CO2 sinks and direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage (DACCS), but excludes natural CO2 uptake not directly caused by human activities.

Source: IPCC AR6

Sum of GHG emissions and GHG removals in a product system, expressed as CO2 equivalents and based on a life cycle assessment using the single impact category of climate change.

Source: ISO 14067: 2018

A type of steel of which the main alloying element is carbon.

If a balance can be achieved between the greenhouse gases put into the atmosphere when producing steel and emissions taken out of the atmosphere by capturing and storing the residual CO2 through carbon capture and storage (CCS) from the specific production site in permanent sinks, the resulting steel can be referred to as carbon-neutral steel (or net-zero steel).

The production of carbon-neutral steel may require permanent offsets in other sectors than the company's value chain to achieve true neutrality, and it is important that if claims of carbon neutrality are made producers are transparent about boundaries, their accounting methodologies, and the quality and credibility of any offsets used.

Using external offsets outside of the company's value chain to compensate for emissions from primary production is not enough to ensure that the product is carbon-neutral, due to the lack of control and certainty of the permanent nature of the offset as this may encourage companies to avoid making changes that truly reduce and avoid carbon emissions.

Making claims of carbon-neutral steel using third-party offsets hinders and delays the development of carbon-neutral or near-zero steel.

Note: where these definitions refer to 'carbon ' in relation to emissions, this should be understood to include the emissions of all relevant GHGs, and not just emissions of CO2, unless otherwise stated.

Source: worldsteel - SBTi Corporate Net Zero Standard | Synonym: Net-zero steel

Increasing the carbon content of steel by diffusing carbon into the surface, allowing the surface to be heat-treated to become a hard, wear-resistant layer.

An object formed by using a mould.

Process by which inputs and outputs and associated information are transferred, monitored and controlled as they move through each step in the relevant supply chain.

The custodial sequence that occurs as ownership or control of the material supply is transferred from one custodian to another in the supply chain'. (Adapted from: WB, WWF Alliance for Forest Conservation and Sustainable Use, 2002).

Source: SBTi/ISO 22095 - ISEAL

Information communicated to customers, investors or other stakeholders about credentials, in the form of trademarks, certification marks, marketing materials, etc. (not only B2C).

Source: Steel Standards Principles (SSP)

A technical expression used in the steel sector to refer to steels containing low levels of impurities, oxides, inclusions, or low or ultra-low level of carbon dissolved in the metal.

The phrase is in common use, including by worldsteel's 2004 'Study on Clean Steel', and means something specific.

Some other organisations use the term 'clean steel' in the context of low-carbon emission steel and steel with lower environmental impact.

Source: worldsteel

Efforts to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-induced impacts.

Source: International Mine Action Standards (IMAS)

Process of adjusting to current or expected effects of climate change, and making changes to live with its impacts.

Source: International Mine Action Standards (IMAS)

Efforts to reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change.

Source: International Mine Action Standards (IMAS)

The primary fuel used by integrated iron and steel producers.

Applying a protective layer to the outside of material using various methods such as galvanising.

A finished steel product such as sheet or strip which has been wound or coiled after rolling.

A form of carbonised coal burned in blast furnaces to reduce iron ore pellets or other iron-bearing materials iron.

Ovens where coke is produced. Coal is usually dropped into the ovens through openings in the roof, and heated by gas burning in flues in the walls within the coke oven battery. After heating for about 18 hours, the end doors are removed and a ram pushes the coke into a quenching car for cooling before delivery to the blast furnace.

Passing a sheet or strip that has previously been hot rolled and picked through cold rolls (below the softening temperature of the metal). Cold rolling makes a product that is thinner, smoother and stronger than can be made by hot rolling alone.

See cold rolling.

The specified unit processes, raw materials and energy source inputs included within the calculations from which emissions are reported, as adopted by multiple standards.

Source: proposed

A point at which the emissions are reported, adopted by multiple standards; the denominator when reporting GHG or CO2-equivalent emissions. For example, per tonne steel, per m2 building use.

Source: worldsteel

Any accident on the public road during a trip from home to the workplace or from the workplace back home, with any type of vehicle or on foot. Accidents that occur inside the site or during business travel are excluded, as they are considered workplace accidents.

worldsteel recognises that not all companies record commuting accidents because of local legislation, and also that not all commuting accidents are the result of measures the company has or has not taken.

A continuous process developed in the 1980s that significantly reduces the production workflow from liquid-phase steel to the finished hot-rolled strip.

A person who is on the payroll of the member company, e.g. has an employee number that identifies that person as a company employee. Employees are directly supervised by a company representative. Temporary or agency workers hired directly by the company are to be considered as employees if the company has primary responsibility for supervising their activities.

A tank, vessel, pipe, truck, rail car, or other equipment designed to keep material within it - typically for the purposes of storage, separation, processing, or transfer of material.

Source: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Petroleum Institute (API) Recommended Practice (RP) 754, Process Safety Performance Indicators for the Refining and Petrochemical Industries

An impermeable physical barrier specifically designed to mitigate the impact of materials that have breached primary containment.

Secondary containment systems include, but are not limited to tank dikes, curbing around process equipment, drainage collection systems, the outer wall of open top double walled tanks, etc.

Source: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Petroleum Institute (API) Recommended Practice (RP) 754, Process Safety Performance Indicators for the Refining and Petrochemical Industries

A process for solidifying steel in the form of a continuous strand rather than individual ingots. Molten steel is poured into open-bottomed, water-cooled moulds. As the molten steel passes through the mould, the outer shell solidifies.

An individual supplied by an external company (contractor, sub-contractor, consultant, or vendor) on a full or part-time basis, and who is providing a service (production, maintenance, or administrative support) to the member.

The contractor's safety, health, and well-being are primarily supervised by the external contractor's supervisor or manager.

He is paid directly by the external company. The external company issues an invoice for the contracted service to the member company.

A rules-based mechanism aimed at enabling the translation of a data point calculated under one standard into a second data point that is compliant with another standard.

Source: Steel Standards Principles (SSP) interoperability working group

Steel in the first solid state after melting, suitable for further processing or for sale (therefore includes secondary metallurgy and casting).

Synonym: Raw steel
Source: worldsteel

The quality of the data with respect to temporal, geographical and technological representativeness. Indicators can also include the percentage of primary data in the overall share of GHG emissions.

A data quality rating can be developed based on these aspects and be qualitative and/or quantitative.

Source: proposed

The measures through which an entity, industry, or sector reduces or avoids its GHG emissions.

Decarbonisation on a global level refers to the overall reduction of GHG emissions.

Source: VCMI

A group of processes for making iron from ore without exceeding the melting temperature. No blast furnace is needed.

A furnace that melts steel scrap using the heat generated by a high power electric arc. During the melting process, elements are added to achieve the correct chemistry and oxygen is blown into the furnace to purify the steel.

Incident caused by exposure to electrical energy directly or indirectly.

Examples: Part of the body of a person in direct contact with bare wires, live busbars providing energy to an overhead crane, part of the body of a person in indirect contact with electrical energy by touching the switch gear, high voltage cabling or wires.

Specially manufactured cold-rolled sheet and strip containing silicon, processed to develop definite magnetic characteristics for use by the electrical industry.

See "Secondary data", typically referring to CO2 or GHG emissions.

Data that is gathered through observation, experimentation, or experience.

Source: proposed

Scrap from after the end-of-life of final products.

Source: ISO 20915: 2018 | Synonym: Post-consumer scrap

Instrument that certifies and communicates the environmental and/or climate-related attributes associated with commodities, activities or projects. The term EAC is also used to refer to Energy Attribute Certificates.

Source: SBTi

Environmental label or declaration providing quantified environmental data using predetermined parameters and, where relevant, additional environmental information that may be quantitative or qualitative.

Typically used in the construction sector with specific PCR. Standards ISO 21930 and EN 15804 are relevant.

Source: ISO 14025:2006 | Synonym: Type III environmental declaration

An authorised statement that a value obtained under a credible, independently assured interoperability mechanism fulfils the relevant requirements of the standard to which equivalency is claimed.

Source: Steel Standards Principles (SSP) interoperability working group

A release of energy that causes a pressure discontinuity or blast wave (e.g., detonations, deflagrations, and rapid releases of high pressure caused by rupture of equipment or piping).

Examples: Water in liquid steel, leak of oxygen, generation and leak of hydrogen or leak of CO or blast furnace gas can lead to an explosion.

Source: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Petroleum Institute (API) Recommended Practice (RP) 754, Process Safety Performance Indicators for the Refining and Petrochemical Industries

Incident caused by contact or exposure to a hazardous chemical substance. If the injury is caused by breathing toxic gas, the injury is categorised as caused by gassing/asphyxiation.

Examples: Acid burn, chemical spill, allergic reaction.

Scrap provided from outside of the steelworks, including manufacturing scrap and end-of-life scrap.

Source: ISO 20915: 2018

Primary data obtained within the product system.

Note 1 to entry: All site-specific data are primary data but not all primary data are site-specific data because they may be obtained from a different product system.

Note 2 to entry: Site-specific data include GHG emissions from GHG sources as well as GHG removals by GHG sinks for one specific unit process within a site.

Source: ISO 14067:2018 | Synonym: Site-specific data

Depending on the country, companies may define a height level where a fall prevention or restraint must be worn and used. The level is usually anywhere there is a risk of falling off 1.8 metres or 6 feet, but proper preventive fall practices should also be used, as the fall from a lower distance can lead to serious injuries.

Examples: Fall from a ladder, fall from a platform, fall from a roof, fall into a shaft, a pit or a hole in the ground.

Object falling on a person for any reason, also objects that can be released sideways or upwards, are considered.

Examples: Tool falling from a scaffold, load falling from a crane, product falling due to the collapse of a pile of products, something stored vertically falling or sliding down, building components broken during a storm, or broken by snow, ice, or even hail, snow or ice blocks.

Death from a work-related injury, certified by a medical professional.

Fatality frequency rate (FFR) is calculated on the number of fatalities per million man hours.

Number of fatalities (F) * 1,000,000 / hours worked

Iron and steel material in metallic form that is recovered in multiple life cycle stages, including steel production processes, the manufacturing processes of final products and the end-of-life of final products, and is recycled as a raw material for steel production.

Source: ISO 20915: 2018

Any combustion resulting from a loss of primary containment (LOPC), regardless of the presence of flame. This includes smouldering, charring, smoking, singeing, scorching, carbonising, or evidence that any of these have occurred.

This definition concerns 'Process safety'. Another definition of 'fire' is included in 'Steel safety: causes of incidents'.

Source: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Petroleum Institute (API) Recommended Practice (RP) 754, Process Safety Performance Indicators for the Refining and Petrochemical Industries

Any incident resulting from the combustion of materials and propagation of the flames causing damage to people, the installation and the environment.

This definition relates to 'Causes of incidents'. Another definition is included in the 'Process safety' section.

A type of finished rolled steel product like steel strip and plate.

Quantified value of a process or an activity obtained from a direct measurement or a calculation based on direct measurements.

Note to entry: Primary data can include GHG emission factors and/or GHG activity data (defined in ISO 14064-1:2006, 2.11).

Source: ISO 14067:2018 (modified) | Synonym: Primary data

Any incident resulting from the use of or contact with a forklift truck, a powered industrial truck used to lift and move materials. Incidents with forklifts can occur due to the load handled, the environment in which the forklift is moving, the state of the vehicle or the skills of the driver.

Examples: Collision between a forklift and any other vehicle, a person hurt by a forklift during the reversal of the forklift, forklifts tend to swing around in a large radius and can run over pedestrians.

Incident in any area where gas can accumulate or be trapped, and the air does not sustain or support life:

• 'Gassing' occurs when the breathing air contains a toxic gas;
  Example: Gassing due to a rate of carbon monoxide (CO) in the breathing air above the threshold limit, depending on the duration of the exposure to CO.
• 'Asphyxiation' occurs when the oxygen rate in the breathing air decreases below 19.5%;
  Example: Asphyxiation due to the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar) or any other gas taking the place of the oxygen in the breathing air.

Tonnes GHG emissions per tonne of crude steel production, including scopes 1, 2, and 3.

Can be expressed as GWP100 or GWP20.

Source: worldsteel

Output from pooling GHG emission reductions from emission reduction projects implemented by companies and assigning these cumulative emission reductions to products.

Source: worldsteel

Green steel is being used and interpreted by many different parties to mean different things, often in the context of marketing new, more environmentally conscious products.

It has been used to refer to steel manufactured using breakthrough technology, steel produced from scrap, steel produced from renewable energy, reused and remanufactured steel, and conventional steel with emissions offset through the retirement of carbon units or allowances.

Often, the term is used in relation to the carbon emissions only (see low-carbon steel) and is therefore only a subset of environmental performance.

This is not a recommended term and given this inherent lack of clarity, diversity of meanings and focus on carbon emissions, it will likely be difficult agreeing on one unified definition of green steel.

Source: worldsteel

The process of creating common rules in different methodologies to create consistency and compatibility.

Source: Steel Standards Principles (SSP)

Scrap from a downstream steel production process within the steelworks (e.g., rolling, coating) that is returned to steelmaking processes (e.g., BOF or EAF).

Source: ISO 20915: 2018

Hot-rolling mill: Equipment on which solidified steel preheated to a high temperature is continuously rolled between two rotating cylinders.

Cold-rolling mill: Equipment that reduces the thickness of flat steel products by rolling the metal between alloy steel cylinders at room temperature.

A process by which steel is given long-term corrosion protection by coating it with molten zinc.

Molten iron produced in the blast furnace.

This definition relates to 'Steel'. Another definition is included in the section 'Safety: causes of incidents'.

Incidents caused by hot or liquid metal. The main risks are heat radiation, splashes, and scalding from hot metal.

Examples: Projection of hot metal onto a person; burn caused by the radiation of hot metal.

This definition relates to 'Safety: Causes of incidents'. Another definition of 'hot metal' is included in the section 'Steel - Products'

Incident caused by exposure to any type of hot material, equipment, surface, steam or water. If the injury is caused by hot metal, the injury is categorised into that cause.

Example: Burns caused by hot equipment in contact with skin.

See hot rolling.

For company employees, the total number of hours worked, including overtime and training, during the period.

For contractor employees, the total number of hours worked for the company during the period.

If visitor hours can be included in the calculation for frequency purposes, then add them to the hours worked for employees.

Hydrogen is a key vector for significantly reducing GHG emissions from the iron and steel sector, and many of worldsteel's members are exploring this technology option.

Hydrogen is often attributed to a colour, depending on its low-carbon credentials.

When worldsteel talks about low-carbon hydrogen, we mean green hydrogen, which is produced through the electrolysis of water, powered by renewable electricity.

Blue hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam methane reforming, combined with carbon capture and storage.

Hydrogen can also be produced via electrolysis powered by low-carbon electricity sources, such as nuclear or carbon capture and storage. We also consider this to be low-carbon.

Fossil fuel hydrogen is made from unabated fossil fuels, chiefly: Grey hydrogen is made from natural gas through the process of steam methane reforming, without carbon capture and storage, so CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere.

Brown, or black, hydrogen is produced through coal gasification and results in significantly higher GHG emissions than other hues.

ISP produces hot-rolled coil down to finished gauges of 1mm, and has its origins in joint development work by Arvedi and Mannesmann Demag in the late 1980s.

Indirect trade in steel takes place through exports and imports of steel containing goods and is expressed in finished steel equivalent of products used.

A metal block cast in a particular shape for convenient further processing.

Life Cycle Assessment, with Chain of Custody Context: material, product, or energy flow that enters a unit process.

Note 1 to entry: Products and materials include raw materials, intermediate products and co-products

Note 2 to entry: In the context of chain of custody models, inputs with associated information enter a unit process within an organisation within the chain of custody.

Note 3 to entry: Input can have associated information, such as specified characteristics.

Source: ISO 14040: 2006, ISO 22095

Purchasing and retiring carbon credits and/or Environmental Attribute Certificates that relate to activities that occur within a company's value chains as a way of targeting emissions within specific categories, e.g. steel-related emissions.

Source: SBTi

See site.

Source: proposed

Large-scale plant combining iron smelting and steelmaking facilities, usually based on basic oxygen furnace. May also include systems for turning steel into finished products.

Scrap from a crude steelmaking unit process that is then recycled within the same unit process [e.g., basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or electric arc furnace (EAF)].

Source: ISO 20915: 2018

The state of measurement methodologies, or thresholds, that are seen as sufficiently aligned to enable conversion between two or more schemes.

It requires a mechanism to enable operation and a governance system to oversee this.

Source: Steel Standards Principles (SSP)

A set of terms agreed between the owners of two or more standards that supports interoperability, consisting of both technical components and the necessary governance and supporting terms needed for the credible implementation of interoperability.

Source: Steel Standards Principles (SSP)

The ability of a system to work with other systems, specifically with the aim of exchanging and making use of information and data.

In the context of methodology harmonisation, the term interoperable sets out the ambition that emission accounting requirements in carbon footprint (CFP)/life cycle assessment (LCA)-based methodologies could be made less flexible and that different methodologies could be harmonised, making the resulting data in CFPs/LCAs comparable.

Note: The Industrial Deep Decarbonisation Initiative (IDDI) refers to product category rules and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs).

Source: IDDI from the IEA report

The primary raw material in the manufacture of steel.

The process whereby conditions (temperature, pressure and chemistry) are controlled within the ladle of the steelmaking furnace to improve productivity in preceding and subsequent steps, as well as the quality of the final product.

Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.

Source: ISO 14040: 2006

Phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and qualification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle.

Source: ISO 14040:2006

Used by the steel industry to remove impurities from the iron made in blast furnaces. Limestone containing magnesium, called dolomite, is also sometimes used in the purifying process.

Used for transportation of gas, oil or water, generally in a pipeline or utility distribution systems.

A type of finished rolled steel product like rail and steel bars.

An unplanned or uncontrolled release of any material from primary containment, including non-toxic and nonflammable materials (e.g. steam, hot water, nitrogen, compressed CO2, or compressed air).

This definition is reproduced from API ANSI RP 754.

Any work-related injury resulting in the employee or contractor not being able to return to work for their next scheduled work period. Returning to work with work restrictions does not constitute a lost time injury status, no matter how minimal or severe the restrictions, provided it is at the employee 's next scheduled shift.

However, if an injury deteriorates and time is later lost, a lost time injury (LTI) should be recorded.

Lost time Injury frequency rate (LTIFR) is calculated as the number of lost time injuries (LTI) per million man hours.

Number of (F + LTI) * 1,000,000 / hours worked

Note: F = fatalities; LTI = lost time injuries

Steel manufactured using technologies and practices that result in significantly lower GHG emissions than conventional production.

Note: where these definitions refer to 'carbon ' in relation to emissions, this should be understood to include the emissions of all relevant GHGs, and not just emissions of CO2, unless otherwise stated.

Source: worldsteel

Low-carbon steel is manufactured using technologies and practices that result in significantly lower GHG emissions than conventional production.

The "low-emissions" designation recognises substantial progress and emissions reductions towards the ultimate near-zero goal while not fully achieving it.

Given that it will take time for the full market to transition to near-zero emissions technologies, policies that in parallel incentivise scale-up of increasingly lower-emission technologies are also valuable.

Source: IEA

Incident caused when performing tasks manually or using hand tools or power tools. If the injury is caused by, e.g., sharp edges of steel while handling the product, the injury is categorised as product handling/storage.

Example: Carrying or lifting heavy objects, using a screwdriver as a chisel, causing the tip of the screwdriver to break and fly.

Scrap from the manufacturing processes of final products, such as automobiles and buildings.

Source: ISO 20915: 2018

Reflects emissions from electricity that companies have purposefully chosen (or their lack of choice). It derives emission factors from contractual instruments, which include any type of contract between two parties for the sale and purchase of energy bundled with attributes about the energy generation, or for unbundled attribute claims.

These instruments can include energy attribute certificates (RECs, GOs, etc.), direct contracts (for both low-carbon, renewable, or fossil fuel generation), supplier-specific emission rates, and other default emission factors representing the untracked or unclaimed energy and emissions (termed the "residual mix").

Source: GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance

A general accounting approach that ensures the input mass balances with the output mass within a given period, following the law of conservation of mass.

Chain of custody model in which materials or products with a set of specified characteristics are mixed according to defined criteria with materials or products without that set of characteristics.

Additionally from ISEAL: Mass balancing can be carried out over different system levels, e.g. batch-level, site-level or group-level, and may occur at several points along the supply chain.

Source: SBTi/ISO 22095 - ISEAL

Evidence-based data

Welded or seamless tubing produced in a large number of shapes to closer tolerances than other pipes.

Any work-related injury other than a fatality, a lost time injury (LTI), or a restricted work case (RWC), that resulted in a certain level of treatment (not first aid treatment) given by a physician or other medical personnel under the standing orders of a physician (e.g. medical treatments: using prescription medications, or use of a non-prescription drug at prescription strength, using wound closing devices such as surgical glue, sutures, and staples, using any devices with rigid stays or other systems designed to immobilise parts of the body, administration of oxygen to treat injury or illness).

A small-scale steelmaking plant based on the EAF, making new steel from mostly steel scrap. May also include facilities for producing finished steel products.

Any work-related injury other than a fatality, a lost time injury (LTI), a restricted work case, or a medical treatment injury (MTI), which is treated, for example, by first aid or minor manipulation to provide relief for a strain or bruise.

A minor injury does not require treatment by a professionally trained paramedic or physician and does not incur loss of work time other than the time of the shift on which it occurred.

The injured person continues with his normal scheduled work ( e.g. using a non-prescription medication at non-prescription strength, administering tetanus immunisations, cleaning, flushing or soaking wounds on the surface of the skin, using wound coverings such as bandages, Band-Aids™, gauze pads, etc.; or using butterfly bandages or Steri-Strips™, using hot or cold therapy, drilling of a fingernail or toenail, using eye patches, short physical rest).

During the manufacture of steel and its co-products, different types of molten metals are used, such as zinc, iron and the steel itself.

Incident caused by any component of machinery or equipment that is able to move by any energy source (electrical, steam, hydraulic, pneumatic, heat, wind, product such as strip being pulled by other equipment), by remote control or by gravity.

Examples: Crushed by the movement of a shaft rotated by an operator in a remote cabin, unexpected start of an un-isolated motor or engine, unexpected start of a conveyor, trapped between the belt and the roll of a conveyor, crushed by the movement of a cover or table of a machine operated by hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders.

An incident that physically occurred, but there was no personal injury to the employee, contractor or visitor, but which could have resulted in a serious injury and needs to be followed up in the same way as a lost time injury (LTI), but recorded as a near miss.

Example: The operator finds a heavy bolt on the floor next to his operating station, likely having fallen from an overhead crane or roof structure.

Steel produced with the minimum possible level of GHG emissions for a given technology, and whose production is compatible with an energy system at net zero emissions.

IEA has proposed threshold levels of GHG intensity that meet this definition in its paper 'Definitions for near-zero and low emissions steel and cement, and underlying emissions measurement methodologies' (2024).

Common definitions for "near-zero emission steel" can establish a shared vision of the future for key production processes in the steel industry. The definitions should be stable, absolute, ambitious, and compatible with a trajectory that reaches net-zero emissions from the global energy system by mid-century.

Source: MWS - IEA

"Near-zero emissions" is specifically reserved for technologies that are already compatible with an energy system at net-zero emissions.

Distinctive recognition of such performance is critical, already today, particularly given the higher risks and costs that come with development and early deployment of innovative technologies.

Incentivising these technologies now can help kick-start market uptake, paving the way to eventual widespread diffusion.

Source: IEA

See ton.

See carbon-neutral steel.

Source: worldsteel

Condition in which anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are balanced by anthropogenic CO2 removals over a specified period. Carbon neutrality and net zero CO2 emissions are overlapping concepts.

The concepts can be applied at global or sub-global scales (e.g., regional, national and sub-national). At a global scale, the terms carbon neutrality and net zero CO2 emissions are equivalent.

At sub-global scales, net zero CO2 emissions is generally applied to emissions and removals under direct control or territorial responsibility of the reporting entity, while carbon neutrality generally includes emissions and removals within and beyond the direct control or territorial responsibility of the reporting entity.

Source: IPCC AR6

Condition in which metric-weighted anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are balanced by metric-weighted anthropogenic GHG removals over a specified period.

The quantification of net zero GHG emissions depends on the GHG emission metric chosen to compare emissions and removals of different gases, as well as the time horizon chosen for that metric.

Source: IPCC AR6

If a balance can be achieved between the greenhouse gases put into the atmosphere when producing steel and emissions taken out of the atmosphere by capturing and storing the residual CO2 through CCS from the specific production site in permanent sinks, the resulting steel can be referred to as carbon-neutral steel (or net-zero steel).

The production of carbon-neutral steel may require permanent offsets in sectors outside the company's value chain to achieve true neutrality, and it is important that, if claims of carbon neutrality are made, producers are transparent about boundaries, accounting methodologies, and the quality and credibility of any offsets used.

Using external offsets outside of the company's value chain to compensate for emissions from primary production is not enough to ensure that the product is carbon-neutral, due to the lack of control and certainty of the permanent nature of the offset, as this may encourage companies to avoid making changes that truly reduce and avoid carbon emissions.

Making claims of carbon-neutral steel using third-party offsets hinders and delays the development of carbon-neutral or near-zero steel.

Note: where these definitions refer to 'carbon ' in relation to emissions, this should be understood to include the emissions of all relevant GHGs, and not just emissions of CO2, unless otherwise stated.

Source: worldsteel - SBTi Corporate Net Zero Standard | Synonym: Carbon-neutral steel

Incident caused by something that enters the eye from outside the body.

Examples: Steel sliver in the eye, dust in the eye

In its widest definition, occupational health management encompasses the physical and mental wellbeing of the people working in the company. Focus should be placed on the long-term effects of exposure to hazards.

The health of workers has several determinants, including risk factors at the workplace leading to cancers, musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory diseases, hearing loss, circulatory diseases, stress-related disorders and others.

Equally critical are risks, such as chronic stress, fatigue, isolation, or lack of control over one’s work, which can significantly affect mental health, engagement and performance.

These risks must also be actively identified, monitored and addressed through a combination of workplace design, organisational support, leadership behaviours, and access to appropriate support services. Promoting resilience and an environment where workers can share their concerns freely without fear of blame or punishment is fundamental

Read more via this link.

Typically, precursors of fatalities and serious injuries account for approximately 20% of the total events in each level of the occupational pyramid.

Expressed by increasing consequence pyramid levels are: PSIF Precursors, near misses, minor injuries, medical treatment, restricted work cases, and lost time injuries with the potential to cause fatality and serious injuries.

Occupational safety management promotes the safety of employees, contractors and visitors by preventing personal injuries in the workplace, and has a strong focus on primary prevention of exposure to hazards.

It requires not only identifying hazards, but continuously anticipating how work is done, where it may vary, and what might go wrong.

Prevention is most effective when people closest to the work are actively involved, and when lessons from everyday operations — not just incidents — are used to improve systems and controls.

Read more via this link.

Incident on the public road with any type of vehicle or on foot to and from the workplace. Includes business travel.

Examples: Sales or marketing people injured on the road during working time, employees driving to an externally organised training session.

Purchasing carbon credits from activities outside of a company's value chain as a substitute for abating emissions within its value chain.

Source: SBTi

Incident with a vehicle inside the site, including private cars and industrial vehicles, except forklifts.

Examples: A pedestrian hurt by a truck, a collision between a car and a truck.

A process for making steel from molten iron and scrap. The open hearth furnace has a shallow hearth and roof that help to remove impurities from the molten iron. The flame and gases pass across the top of the enclosed hearth, heat being reflected down onto the material in the hearth. This process has been replaced by the basic oxygen process in most modern facilities.

Incident is caused by a reason which is not listed. In case there are several reasons behind the incident, the most suitable one is selected.

Incidents whose main cause is the use of equipment other than moving machinery, overhead crane, vehicle and train.

Examples: Hurt by a stepladder on wheels pushed by an operator, hurt while using an aerial work platform (cherry picker, boom lift, man lift, basket crane).

Life cycle assessment (LCA), with a chain of custody context: material, product, or energy flow that leaves a unit process.

Note 1 to entry: Products and materials include raw materials, intermediate products, co-products, and releases.

Note 2 to entry: In the context of chain of custody models, output is material or a product which leaves a unit process within an organisation within the chain of custody.

Source: ISO 14044: 2006, mods to note 2

Any incident whose main cause is the operation or condition of an overhead crane or its product holding component, such as a C-hook or coil grab, chains or slings.

Examples: Collision between two overhead cranes running on the same track or overlapping tracks; people injured due to the swing of the load lifted by an overhead crane, components dropping from a crane, or loss of load.

An enriched form of iron ore shaped into small balls.

Number of PSIF events / Number of total events * 100

Physical connection means the production chain is connected to the emission reduction projects, regardless of whether the product is produced at a single site or across multiple sites.

Source: worldsteel

Chain of custody model in which materials or products with a set of specified characteristics (i.e. certified products) are physically separated from materials or products without that set of characteristics (i.e. non-certified products).

Source: ISEAL

Using chemicals to remove the scale from finished steel.

The product that results from smelting iron ore with a high-carbon fuel such as coke

A flat-rolled product from slabs or ingots of greater thickness than sheet or strip.

The proportion of the ferrous content of crude steel that is derived from end-of-life scrap.

Source: proposed

Scrap from after the end-of-life of final products.

Source: ISO 20915: 2018 | Synonym: End-of-life scrap

Any incident, regardless of actual severity, that has the potential to lead to a life-threatening, life-altering, or fatal injury. Serious injuries generally refers to long term or permanent incapacity and fatalities.

A PSIF precursor is any unmitigated high-risk situation that will result in serious injuries if not controlled because management controls are absent, ineffective, or not complied with.

PSIF events can be identified using predetermined criteria based on the hazards and risks related to steelmaking operations e.g. molten metal contact, confined spaces, electrical hazards, fire hazards, etc.

An event can also be considered as having high potential for serious injury or fatality if it ranks high for severity in a risk matrix. This is the reason why some steel companies describe these events as 'Severity 4 (S4), Potential 4 (P4).'

The proportion of the ferrous content of crude steel that is derived from pre-consumer scrap, which is the total of home scrap and manufacturing scrap. Note: internal scrap does not contribute to the pre-consumer recycled content of steel.

Source: proposed

Includes home scrap, internal scrap and manufacturing scrap. The scrap generated during the production of a product before it is used by a consumer.

Source: proposed

Preventive actions are activities planned with the intention of preventing the occurrence of safety incidents. They include:

• Safety and health audits
• Walks
• Safety inspections
• Reviews
• Innovations
• Positive safety observations

Number of individual preventive actions * 1,000,000 / hours worked

Quantified value of a process or an activity obtained from a direct measurement or a calculation based on direct measurements.

Note to entry: Primary data can include GHG emission factors and/or GHG activity data (defined in ISO 14064-1:2006, 2.11).

Source: ISO 14067:2018 (modified) | Synonym: Foreground data

Process refers to production, distribution, storage, utilities, or pilot plant facilities used in the manufacture of steel products and co-products.

This includes process equipment (e.g. reactors, vessels, piping, electric arc furnaces, blast furnaces, coke ovens, boilers, pumps, compressors, exchangers, cooling towers, refrigeration systems, etc.), storage tanks, ancillary support areas (e.g. boiler houses and waste water treatment plants), on-site remediation facilities, and distribution piping under the control of the company.

Source: worldsteel

Process safety is a blend of engineering, operations and management skills focused on prevention of, preparedness for, mitigation of, response to, and restoration from catastrophic releases of hazardous substances or energy from a process.

The manufacturing of steel involves processes with intrinsic hazards that need careful management. The measures needed to control these hazards are often complex. The focus of process safety management is not limited to protecting the people within the company but also includes the environment, assets and the surrounding community from events such as structural collapse, explosions, fires and toxic releases associated with loss of containment of energy or dangerous substances such as toxic gases, molten metal, chemicals and petroleum products.

Read more on process safety via this link.

Set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing Type III environmental declarations (EPDs) for one or more product categories.

Source: ISO 14025:2006

Incident involving the handling, movement and storage of products, machinery or equipment. Steel products can be sharp-edged or move when cooling or being stored by crane.

Examples: Operator hurt by a product being handled, hands crushed between a sling and the product when the crane driver begins to lift the product, hand cut by the sharp edges of a product.

Any incident resulting from the process of loading and unloading products, semi-products, raw materials or any equipment to or from a truck trailer, a rail trailer or a ship.

Example: An operator standing on the trailer is hurt by the product during the loading of this product on the trailer, squeezed between the load and the wall of the trailer while retaining the load.

Incident involving any rail vehicle on the site or during the handling of railcars.

Examples: Collision with a train, pedestrians crushed between the bumpers of railcars while hooking up railcars, a person falling from or being struck by a locomotive or railway cars.

Steel in the first solid state after melting, suitable for further processing or for sale (therefore includes secondary metallurgy and casting).

Synonym: Crude steel

A reinforcing steel bar.

Acceptance of data or claims made on the basis of one scheme by another scheme, such that they are regarded as providing a means to compliance with its requirements.

Source: SSP

The proportion of the ferrous content of crude steel that is derived from home scrap, manufacturing scrap and end-of-life scrap.

Note: Internal scrap does not contribute to the recycled content of steel.

Source: proposed

A stage in the process of making crude steel, during which the crude steel is further refined (i.e. most residual impurities are removed) and additions of other metals may be made before it is cast.

Any work-related injury other than a fatality or a lost time injury (LTI) where the injured person cannot fulfil his normal work the day following the injury but is able to undertake a temporary job, work at his normal job but not full-time, or work at a permanently assigned job but is unable to perform all duties normally assigned to it.

If the injury has led to lower productivity or slower work from the worker, but the worker is still capable of undertaking all of their routine tasks, this would not be classified as a restricted work case (RWC).

Equipment that reduces and transforms the shape of semi-finished or intermediate steel products by passing the material through a gap between rolls that is smaller than the entering materials.

The initial stages in the process of reducing the thickness of steel slabs.

The safety culture of an organisation is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, competencies, and patterns of behaviour that determine how people and systems act and respond in relation to risks and opportunities.

Safety culture and leadership evolve gradually over time as people go through various changes, adapt to environmental conditions and solve problems.

To create a truly robust safety culture, organisations need to proactively position safety as an integral value for all workers. Continuous learning — from both successes and setbacks — is essential to this process.

To attain this level of safety culture, significant commitment and a drive towards continuous improvement are required

Read more on safety culture and leadership via this link.

The heavy rust that forms on the surface of steel while it is kept hot during rolling, forging, etc.

A reporting company's direct GHG emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting company.

Source: GHG Protocol

A reporting company's indirect emissions associated with the generation of electricity, heat, or steam purchased or otherwise brought into the boundary and consumed by the company.

Scope 2 emissions physically occur at the facility where electricity, heat, or steam is generated.

Source: GHG Protocol

A reporting company's indirect emissions (not included in Scope 2) that occur in the value chain of the reporting company after leaving the Scope 1 boundary of the company's facilities.

Scope 3 downstream categories include product distribution, processing of sold products, use of sold products, and end-of-life treatment of sold products.

Source: GHG Protocol Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions

A reporting company's indirect emissions (not included in Scope 2) that occur in the value chain of the reporting company prior to reaching the Scope 1 boundary of the company's facilities.

Scope 3 upstream categories include purchased goods and services, capital goods, fuel and energy-related activities, transportation, and waste generated in operations.

Source: GHG Protocol Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions

Emission reductions that occur outside of a product's life cycle or value chain, but as a result of the use of that product. It compares the life cycle emissions from the product system of the studied object and the life cycle emissions from a reference product system.

Source: World Resources Institute | Synonym: Avoided emissions

Steel scrap is one of the steel industry's most important raw materials. It comes from all steel-containing products that reach the end of their life (post-consumer scrap), from demolished structures to end-of-life vehicles, packaging, white goods and machinery, and the yield losses in the steelmaking and manufacturing processes (pre-consumer scrap). It can also include iron scrap.

All steel can be recycled into new steel. All new steel contains some steel scrap.

Data which do not fulfil the requirements for primary data.

Note 1 to entry: Secondary data can include data from databases and published literature, default emission factors from national inventories, calculated data, estimates or other representative data, validated by competent authorities.

Note 2 to entry: Secondary data can include data obtained from proxy processes or estimates.

Steel scrap is one of the steel industry's most important raw materials. It comes from all steel-containing products that reach the end of their life (post-consumer scrap), from demolished structures to end-of-life vehicles, packaging, white goods and machinery, and the yield losses in the steelmaking and manufacturing processes (pre-consumer scrap). It can also include iron scrap.

All steel can be recycled into new steel. All new steel contains some steel scrap.

Source: ISO 14067:2018 | Synonym: Background data

Steel products such as billet, blooms and slabs. These products can be made by direct continuous casting of hot steel or by pouring the liquid steel into ingots, which are then hot rolled into semi-finished products.

A flat-rolled product over 12 inches in width and of less thickness than plate.

Rolled sections with interlocking joints (continuous throughout the entire length of the piece) on each edge to permit being driven edge-to-edge to form continuous walls for retaining earth or water.

Absence from work on the grounds of incapacity to work due to any sickness, work-related or not, and which could qualify for 'disability income'.

All other cases of absence, such as pregnancy, childbirth, leave, training and seminars, are not included in the definition of sickness absence.

Sickness absence rate is calculated as the total number of hours of sickness absence per scheduled hours.

Sickness absence is calculated for a year and within a defined perimeter (department, plant, country, region...).

A plant in which iron ore is crushed, homogenised and mixed with limestone and coke breeze and then cooked ("sintered ") to form sinter, which is the main ferrous component of blast furnace burden.

A process that combines ores too fine for efficient blast furnace use with flux stone. The mixture is heated to form clumps, which allow better draft in the blast furnace.

A physical location on which steelmaking or processing operations are carried out.

Source: worldsteel

Primary data obtained within the product system.

Note 1 to entry: All site-specific data are primary data but not all primary data are site-specific data because they may be obtained from a different product system.

Note 2 to entry: Site-specific data include GHG emissions from GHG sources as well as GHG removals by GHG sinks for one specific unit process within a site.

Source: ISO 14067:2018 | Synonym: Facility-specific data

A semi-finished steel product obtained by rolling ingots on a rolling mill or processed through a continuous caster and cut into various lengths. The slab has a rectangular cross section and is used as a starting material in the production process of flat products, i.e. hot rolled coils or plates.

A co-product, containing inert materials from the 'burden ' (the materials put into the blast furnace at the beginning of the steelmaking process), that is produced during the melting process.

Incident caused by falling on the same level, not from elevation. Slips happen when there is too little friction or traction between the footwear and the walking surface. A trip is the result of a foot striking or colliding with an object, which causes a loss of balance.

Examples: Winter slipperiness fall, twisted ankle while walking, stumbling on an uneven surface.

Smelting is a metallurgical term meaning to extract a metal from its ore by melting the ore. Melting is simply the process of changing from a solid to a liquid state due to the application of high heat.

See 'Empirical'

Source: proposed

The product of the direct reduction process. Also known as direct reduced iron (DRI).

Stainless steels are distinguished from carbon steel by their chromium (ferritic steel) content and, in certain cases, nickel (austenitic steel). Adding chromium to carbon steel makes it more rust and stain-resistant, and when nickel is added to chromium stainless steel it enhances its mechanical properties, for example its density, heat capacity and strength.

A document, established by consensus and approved by a recognised body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context.

Source: ISO

Used for low-pressure conveyance of air, steam, gas, water, oil or other fluids and for mechanical applications. Used primarily in machinery, buildings, sprinkler systems, irrigation systems, and water wells rather than in pipelines or distribution systems.

Alignment on different building blocks with the help of interoperability to reach harmonisation.

Source: proposed

Step Up is worldsteel's 4-stage efficiency review process. Step Up aims to improve the efficiency of steel production now, to support our members in operating their sites at a level of performance commensurate with the world 's most efficient sites. Step Up is a transitional programme and should not be seen as a solution to the steel industry's climate change challenges.

A continuous length of steel produced in a mill, prior to cutting and/or shaping into finished or semi-finished products.

Flat steel coil products, with widths of less than 600mm for hot rolled products and less than 500mm for cold-rolled products. The wider flat products are called wide strips.

Any incident resulting from a failure of the structure of a building, machinery or equipment.

Examples: Deficient scaffolding, roof or wall panels or structural frames, weather conditions or lack of maintenance may deteriorate the surface, or a constructive defect of machinery.

Welded or seamless pipe and tubing generally used for structural or load-bearing purposes above-ground by the construction industry, as well as for structural members in ships, trucks, and farm equipment.

Rolled flange sections, sections welded from plates, and special sections with at least one dimension of their cross-section three inches or greater. Included are angles, beams, channels, tees and zeds.

Steel shaped for use in construction.

To make something harder through heating.

Casting technology that takes liquid steel and casts it into solid strip in one step, thereby eliminating the need for a continuous slab caster and hot strip mill.

Tier 1 frequency rate: Total Tier 1 Count * 1,000,000 / hours worked (production activities)

Tier 2 frequency rate: Total Tier 2 Count * 1,000,000 / hours worked (production activities)

The Tier framework helps to improve process safety performance as we shift the focus from managing lost time injury frequency rates (LTIFR) and other conventional lagging indicators to properly identifying and investigating incidents and precursors for major events.

Tier 1 and Tier 2 are standardised definitions and support the industry benchmark. Threshold quantity values should be considered depending on the substance/material/energy release to classify as Tier 1 or Tier 2.

Tier 3 and 4 are company-defined.

Cold rolled sheet, strip or plate coated with tin or chromium.

1. A unit of weight in the US Customary System equal to 2,240 pounds. Also known as long ton.
2. A unit of weight in the US Customary System equal to 2,000 pounds. Also known as short ton. Also known as net ton.

A metric tonne, equivalent to 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 pounds or 1.1023 short ton.

Number of (F + LTI + RWC + MTI) * 1,000,000 / hours worked

Note: F = fatalities; LTI = lost time injuries; RWC = restricted work cases; MTI = medical treatment injuries

The ability to verify the history, location, or application of an item by means of documented recorded identification.

Source: ISEAL

True steel use (TSU) is obtained by subtracting net indirect exports of steel from apparent steel use (ASU). Total TSU is not equal to ASU because of differences in country coverage and methodological specifics of indirect trade in steel calculations.

Environmental label or declaration providing quantified environmental data using predetermined parameters and, where relevant, additional environmental information that may be quantitative or qualitative. Typically used in the construction sector with specific Product Category Rules (PCR). Standards ISO 21930 and EN 15804 are relevant.

Source: ISO 14025:2006 |Synonym: Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)

A distinct part of the steelmaking process, e.g. coke ovens, sinter plant, blast furnace, etc.

Source: worldsteel | Synonym: Process

The cause of the incident is not known by the reporter at that time.

Note: Root causes of every fatality or lost time injury (LTI) must always be investigated and the true cause found and reported.

Any action that may endanger a person or people working around him/her.

Examples: When working at heights (on a roof, for instance) without using a safety harness or not clipped on; not wearing a seatbelt when driving a vehicle. Or any situation judged as being such that, sooner or later, it may lead to a risk of an incident inflicting harm to one or more persons.

Example: Missing or broken handrail leading to risk of falling from height.

Anyone on the company premises other than a company employee or contractor. Injuries to a visitor will be included as a company employee, as the company has a duty of care and direct safety supervision. If hours visited can be added to the calculation for frequency purposes, include them.

Joining two pieces of metal together using heat and pressure to soften the materials.

Coiled bars of up to 18.5 millimetres in diameter, used mainly in the production of wire.

The broad range of products produced by cold reducing hot-rolled steel through a die, series of dies, or through rolls to improve surface finish, dimensional accuracy and physical properties.

A workplace injury is the direct result of 'work-related' activities for which management controls are, or should have been in place, or those occurring during business travel.

Examples - Work-related injuries:

• Exposure (contact with, contacted by, falls, etc.) to workplace conditions that directly result in injury, i.e., slippery floors, falling objects, protruding objects, molten metal, dust, gases.
• Strains and sprains while performing work-related activities such as strenuous lifting and pulling.In summary, those injuries in which corrective action(s) can be identified and can be taken to improve upon the work being done at the time of the injury (this point is the key determining factor).
• 'Work-related' includes attending company-sponsored courses or conferences, business travel, or any other activity where the company expects your presence.
• For contractor personnel, 'work-related ' typically refers only to the time spent on company premises.
• Injuries occurring in member company car parking lots, walkways, or any other portion of company property.

Examples - Non-work-related injuries:

• Symptoms arising on member company property or business travel that are the result of other factors, i.e., cold or flu, or heart attack.
• Voluntary participation in wellness programmes/sports.
• Personal grooming, self-medication, self-infliction.
• Vehicle incidents/on foot travel to and from work, other than during business travel.

Low-carbon content iron that is tough and malleable for forging and welding.

To be truly zero-carbon, steel would need to be produced without any CO2 emissions at all. This is a very high bar to reach, and it is difficult to conceive of a production technology that could achieve this in the short term.

Source: worldsteel