World Steel in Figures 2024

Foreword

As you are reading this you are likely to be in your office or working at a desk in your home. Take a moment to look around you. It’s probably the case that everything – and I am not exaggerating – everything that you can see, from the chair you are sitting on to the computer you are using to read this, either contains steel or was produced using a process that required steel.

Steel is everywhere in our lives, and for good reason. It has built the modern world and will be equally indispensable to the world as it moves forward.

World Steel in Figures provides a fascinating snapshot of the dynamics of today’s steel industry, including everything from production and production processes, to demand, trade, safety and more.

With the steel industry being responsible for between 7 and 9% of global CO₂ emissions, the attention that the industry is receiving at present is focused on our environmental performance. Developing a global response to the environmental challenge is one of worldsteel’s key focus areas, and one which I take the opportunity to highlight here. Our Sustainability Indicators collect data from our members all over the world to assess the industry’s current performance and measure our progress. CO₂ emissions, as well as the other issues measured by the indicators, fully commits the industry to reporting transparently with a view to highlighting the sustainable transition of steel production.

I do hope that you find World Steel in Figures and the details of our Sustainability Indicators of interest. Please don’t hesitate to contact us via worldsteel.org/about-us/our-people/ with any questions or comments.

Best wishes,

Dr Edwin Basson
Director General

Sustainability Indicators of the steel industry

Environmental performance

1. CO₂ emissions intensity

In 2022, 1.91 tonnes of CO₂ were emitted per tonne of
crude steel cast.

2. Energy intensity

In 2022, 20.99 GJ of energy were consumed per tonne of
crude steel cast.

3. Material efficiency

In 2022, 97.65% of steel industry raw materials were converted into steel products or co-products.

4. Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

In 2022, 96.15% of employees and contractors worked in
EMS-registered facilities.

Social performance

5. Lost time injury frequency rate (LTIFR)

In 2023, the number of injuries per million hours worked was 0.76 for employees and contractors combined.

6. Employee training

In 2022, employees in the steel industry received
7.78 days training/year.

Economic performance

7. Investment in new processes and products

In 2022, the steel industry invested 6.29% of its revenue in new products and processes.

8. Economic Value Distributed (EVD)

In 2022, the steel industry distributed 96.57% of its
revenue to society.

Notes:
Indicators 1 and 2: CO₂ emissions intensity and energy intensity are calculated with the worldsteel CO₂ data collection methodology, which includes all scopes (1, 2, and some scope 3). The two intensities represent production weighted averages between blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF), scrap-based electric arc furnace (EAF) and direct reduced iron (DRI)-based EAF steel production. See page 6 for details.
Indicator 3: Only solid and liquid residues are included in this calculation, and process gases are not included.
Indicator 5: Lost time injury frequency rate includes fatalities and is calculated based on figures including contractors and employees.
Indicator 6: Employee training includes production and non-production facilities.Indicator 7: Investment in new processes and products includes capital expenditure and R&D investment.

In 2023, 94 steel companies and associations contributed to the Sustainability Indicators data collection. Crude steel produced by companies that reported on one or more indicators for fiscal year 2022 was 990.2 million tonnes, representing 53% of global crude steel production. 77 organisations voluntarily provided data for one or more of the 8 indicators, 41 of which provided data for all 8 indicators.

To find out more, go to our latest reports:
Sustainability Indicators report 2023
Safety and Health 2024: Data report

Highlights

Crude steel production 2000 – 2023

Steel production has been stable since 2020.

Apparent steel use per capita

Globally, 219 kg of steel was used in new products per person in 2023.

Crude steel production by process

In tonnes CO₂ per tonnes of crude steel cast, based on 2022 calculation.

World crude steel production
1950 to 2023

million tonnes, crude steel production

Years	World
1950	189
1955	270
1960	347
1965	456
1970	595
1975	644
1980	717
1985	719
1990	770

Years	World
1995	753
2000	850
2005	1 148
2010	1 435
2011	1 540
2012	1 563
2013	1 654
2014	1 676
2015	1 626

Years	World
2016	1 635
2017	1 739
2018	1 831
2019	1 880
2020	1 885
2021	1 963
2022	1 890
2023	1 892

Average Growth Rates % per annum
Years	World
1950-55	7.4
1955-60	5.1
1960-65	5.6
1965-70	5.5
1970-75	1.6
1975-80	2.2
1980-85	0.1
1985-90	1.4
1990-95	-0.5
1995-00	2.5
2000-05	6.2
2005-10	4.6
2010-15	2.5
2015-20	3.0
2020-23	0.4

Top 50 steel-producing companies 2023

million tonnes, crude steel production

2023 Rank	Company	2023
1	China Baowu Group ¹	130.77
2	ArcelorMittal ²	68.52
3	Ansteel Group ³	55.89
4	Nippon Steel Corporation ⁴	43.66
5	HBIS Group	41.34
6	Shagang Group	40.54
7	POSCO Holdings	38.44
8	Jianlong Group ⁵	36.99
9	Shougang Group	33.58
10	Tata Steel Group	29.50
11	Delong Steel ⁶	28.26
12	JSW Steel Limited	26.15
13	JFE Steel Corporation	25.09
14	Hunan Steel Group ⁷	24.80
15	Nucor Corporation	21.20
16	Fangda Steel	19.56
17	Shandong Steel Group	19.45
18	Hyundai Steel	19.24
19	SAIL	19.18
20	Rizhao Steel	18.66
21	Liuzhou Steel	18.62
22	Cleveland-Cliffs	17.27
23	Tsingshan Holding	16.28
24	U. S. Steel	15.75
25	Baotou Steel	15.20

2023 Rank	Company	2023
26	Techint Group	14.82
27	Jingye Group	14.51
28	NLMK	14.24
29	CITIC Pacific	14.17
30	Sinogiant Group	13.63
31	Shenglong Metallurgical	13.12
32	MMK	12.99
33	Gerdau S.A.	12.74
34	China Steel Corporation	12.58
35	Anyang Steel	12.34
36	Zenith Steel	11.92
37	Shaanxi Steel	11.86
38	Severstal	11.27
39	Sanming Steel	11.24
40	Nanjing Steel	11.00
41	thyssenkrupp	10.35
42	Mobarakeh Steel Company	10.33
43	Steel Dynamics, Inc.	10.32
44	EVRAZ	10.09
45	Donghai Special Steel	9.43
46	Jiuquan Steel	9.01
47	Jindal Steel and Power Ltd	7.90
48	SSAB	7.78
49	Jinxi Steel	7.53
50	Jinnan Steel	7.45

¹ Including Xinyu Steel tonnage since 2022. Excluding Kunming Steel tonnage since 2023.
² Includes 60% AM/NS India (former Essar Steel)
³ Including Benxi Steel tonnage since 2021
⁴ Includes NIPPON STEEL Stainless Steel Corporation, Sanyo Special Steel and Ovako, 40% AM/NS India and 31.4% USIMINAS
⁵ Including Eastern Steel tonnage since 2020
⁶ Including Dexin Steel tonnage since 2020
⁷ Former Valin Group

Notes on company ownership and tonnage calculations:
For worldsteel members, the data was sourced from their official tonnage declarations. For Chinese companies, the official CISA tonnage publication was used, unless especially noted. In case of more than 50% ownership, 100% of the subsidiary’s tonnage is included, unless specified otherwise. In cases of 30%-50% ownership, pro-rata tonnage is included. Unless otherwise specified in the declaration, less than 30% ownership is considered a minority and therefore, not included. Figures represent ownership ending 31 December 2023.

For an extended company listing, go to https://worldsteel.org/data//top-producers.

Major steel-producing countries
2022 and 2023

million tonnes, crude steel production

Country	2023		2022
Country	Rank	Tonnage	Rank	Tonnage
China	1	1 019.1	1	1 019.1
India	2	140.8	2	125.4
Japan	3	87.0	3	89.2
United States	4	81.4	4	80.5
Russia	5	76.0	5	71.7
South Korea	6	66.7	6	65.8
Germany	7	35.4	7	36.9
Türkiye	8	33.7	8	35.1
Brazil	9	31.8	9	34.1
Iran	10	31.0	10	30.6
Italy	11	21.1	11	21.6
Viet Nam	12	19.2	13	20.0
Taiwan, China	13	19.1	12	20.8
Indonesia ^e	14	16.8	15	15.6
Mexico	15	16.2	14	18.4
Canada	16	12.2	17	12.1
Spain	17	11.4	18	11.6
Egypt	18	10.4	20	9.8
France	19	10.0	16	12.1
Saudi Arabia	20	9.9	19	9.9
Malaysia ^e	21	7.5	23	7.2
Austria	22	7.1	21	7.5
Poland	23	6.4	22	7.4
Ukraine	24	6.2	25	6.3
Belgium	25	5.9	24	7.0
United Kingdom	26	5.6	28	6.0
Bangladesh ^e	27	5.5	31	5.2
Australia	28	5.5	29	5.6
Pakistan	29	5.3	27	6.0
Thailand	30	5.0	30	5.3
Argentina	31	4.9	32	5.1
South Africa ^e	32	4.9	34	4.4
Netherlands	33	4.7	26	6.1
Algeria	34	4.4	35	4.3
Slovakia	35	4.4	38	3.9
Sweden	36	4.3	33	4.4
Kazakhstan	37	3.9	37	4.1
Finland	38	3.8	40	3.5
United Arab Emirates	39	3.8	39	3.7
Czechia	40	3.4	36	4.3
Oman ^e	41	2.9	42	2.9
Iraq	42	2.8	41	3.3
Belarus ^e	43	2.3	44	2.1
Portugal	44	2.0	46	1.9
Luxembourg	45	1.9	45	1.9
Peru	46	1.7	47	1.8
Philippines ^e	47	1.7	49	1.6
Romania	48	1.6	43	2.6
Serbia	49	1.5	48	1.7
Morocco	50	1.4	50	1.6
Others		21.6		21.3
World		1 892.2		1 890.2

e – estimate

Crude steel production by process 2023

	Million tonnes	Oxygen %	Electric %	Other %	Total %
Austria	7.1	90.7	9.3	–	100.0
Belgium ^e	5.9	69.3	30.7	–	100.0
Bulgaria	0.5	–	100.0	–	100.0
Croatia	0.2	–	100.0	–	100.0
Czechia	3.4	95.6	4.4	–	100.0
Finland	3.8	62.0	38.0	–	100.0
France	10.0	59.2	40.8	–	100.0
Germany	35.4	72.3	27.7	–	100.0
Greece	1.2	–	100.0	–	100.0
Hungary	0.5	52.3	47.7	–	100.0
Italy ^e	21.1	14.2	85.8	–	100.0
Luxembourg	1.9	–	100.0	–	100.0
Netherlands	4.7	100.0	–	–	100.0
Poland	6.4	48.8	51.2	–	100.0
Portugal	2.0	–	100.0	–	100.0
Romania ^e	1.6	53.2	46.8	–	100.0
Slovakia ^e	4.4	90.0	10.0	–	100.0
Slovenia	0.5	–	100.0	–	100.0
Spain	11.4	28.1	71.9	–	100.0
Sweden	4.3	68.6	31.4	–	100.0
European Union (27)	126.3	55.2	44.8	–	100.0
Türkiye	33.7	28.4	71.6	–	100.0
United Kingdom	5.6	79.6	20.4	–	100.0
Others ^e	4.3	41.0	59.0	–	100.0
Other Europe	43.6	36.2	63.8	–	100.0
Russia ^e	76.0	65.1	32.0	2.9	100.0
Ukraine	6.2	48.1	12.3	39.6	100.0
Other CIS ^e	8.2	46.9	51.6	1.6	100.0
Russia & Other CIS + Ukraine	90.5	62.2	32.4	5.3	100.0
Canada	12.2	58.2	41.8	–	100.0
Mexico	16.2	6.6	93.4	–	100.0
United States ^e	81.4	31.7	68.3	–	100.0
Other North America ^e	0.5	–	100.0	–	100.0
North America	110.2	30.8	69.2	–	100.0
Argentina	4.9	42.9	57.1	–	100.0
Brazil	31.8	76.2	22.5	1.3	100.0
Chile	1.2	61.5	38.5	–	100.0
Venezuela	0.0	–	100.0	–	100.0
Other South America ^e	3.6	6.8	93.2	–	100.0
South America	41.6	65.7	33.3	1.0	100.0
Egypt	10.4	–	100.0	–	100.0
South Africa ^e	4.9	56.8	43.2	–	100.0
Other Africa ^e	9.0	4.4	95.5	0.1	100.0
Africa	24.2	13.1	86.9	0.0	100.0
Iran ^e	31.0	7.9	92.1	–	100.0
Saudi Arabia	9.9	–	100.0	–	100.0
Other Middle East ^e	13.5	–	100.0	–	100.0
Middle East	54.5	4.5	95.5	–	100.0
China ^e	1 019.1	90.1	9.9	–	100.0
India	140.8	43.6	56.4	–	100.0
Japan	87.0	73.8	26.2	–	100.0
South Korea	66.7	70.5	29.5	–	100.0
Taiwan, China	19.1	59.2	40.8	–	100.0
Other Asia ^e	62.6	48.8	51.2	–	100.0
Asia	1 395.2	81.2	18.8	–	100.0
Australia	5.5	73.2	26.8	–	100.0
New Zealand	0.6	100.0	–	–	100.0
Total of above countries	1 892.2	71.1	28.6	0.3	100.0

The countries in this table accounted for approximately 100% of world crude steel production in 2023.

e – estimate

Continuously-cast steel output
2021 to 2023

	Million tonnes			% Crude steel output
	2021	2022	2023	2021	2022	2023
Austria ^e	7.6	7.2	6.9	96.4	96.4	96.7
Belgium	6.9	7.0	5.9	100.0	100.0	100.0
Bulgaria	0.5	0.5	0.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
Croatia	0.2	0.2	0.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
Czechia	4.7	4.2	3.3	96.5	97.5	97.7
Finland	4.3	3.5	3.8	99.6	99.5	99.5
France ^e	13.6	11.8	9.7	97.5	97.5	97.0
Germany ^e	39.2	35.9	34.5	97.5	97.5	97.4
Greece	1.5	1.5	1.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
Hungary	1.1	0.9	0.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
Italy ^e	23.2	20.5	20.0	95.2	94.9	95.0
Luxembourg	2.1	1.9	1.9	100.0	100.0	100.0
Netherlands	6.6	6.1	4.7	100.0	100.0	100.0
Poland	8.3	7.3	6.3	98.4	98.3	98.4
Portugal	2.0	1.9	2.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Romania ^e	3.3	2.6	1.6	97.8	97.3	96.5
Slovakia	4.9	3.9	4.4	100.0	100.0	100.0
Slovenia	0.5	0.5	0.4	81.6	80.9	79.5
Spain	14.0	11.4	11.3	98.6	98.2	98.9
Sweden ¹ ^e	4.1	3.9	3.9	87.2	87.5	91.6
European Union (27)	148.6	132.6	122.9	97.3	97.2	97.3
Türkiye	40.4	35.1	33.7	100.0	100.0	100.0
United Kingdom	7.2	5.9	5.6	99.5	99.5	99.3
Others ^e	4.7	4.7	4.3	99.9	105.0	99.9
Other Europe	52.2	45.8	43.5	99.9	100.4	99.9
Russia ^e	49.6	47.5	49.0	64.4	66.1	64.4
Ukraine	14.1	4.7	3.7	66.2	75.2	59.2
Other CIS ^e	9.0	8.2	8.1	99.3	99.4	99.2
Russia & Other CIS + Ukraine	72.7	60.4	60.8	67.7	70.0	67.2
Canada	10.1	10.9	11.0	78.1	90.2	90.1
Mexico	18.5	18.4	16.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
United States	85.6	80.3	81.1	99.8	99.7	99.7
Other North America ^e	0.6	0.6	0.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
North America	114.8	110.2	108.8	97.4	98.7	98.7
Argentina	4.9	5.1	4.9	99.7	99.7	99.7
Brazil	35.3	33.3	31.3	97.8	97.6	98.4
Chile	1.3	1.2	1.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
Venezuela	0.0	0.0	0.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other South America ^e	3.3	3.7	3.6	100.0	100.0	100.0
South America	44.8	43.2	41.0	98.2	98.1	98.7
Egypt	10.3	9.8	10.4	100.0	100.0	100.0
South Africa	5.0	4.4	4.9	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other Africa ^e	7.5	8.8	9.0	99.9	99.9	99.9
Africa	22.8	23.0	24.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
Iran	28.3	30.6	31.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Saudi Arabia	8.7	9.9	9.9	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other Middle East ^e	12.7	13.8	13.5	99.6	100.0	100.0
Middle East	49.7	54.2	54.5	99.9	100.0	100.0
China ^e	1 019.0	1 002.9	1 002.9	98.4	98.4	98.4
India	110.2	117.8	132.1	93.2	93.9	93.9
Japan ^e	95.4	88.4	86.2	99.0	99.0	99.1
South Korea	69.4	64.7	65.4	98.6	98.2	98.1
Taiwan, China	23.1	20.8	19.1	99.6	100.0	100.0
Other Asia ^e	63.6	61.9	61.9	99.0	98.9	98.9
Asia	1 380.7	1 356.4	1 367.7	98.1	98.1	98.0
Australia	5.8	5.6	5.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
New Zealand	0.6	0.6	0.6	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total of above countries	1 892.9	1 831.9	1 829.6	96.4	96.9	96.7

The countries in this table accounted for approximately 100% of world crude steel production in 2023.

e – estimate

¹ – Continuously-cast steel includes steel powders

Monthly crude steel production
2020 to 2023

million tonnes

Total 71 reporting countries*

million tonnes

North America

European Union (27)

South America

Russia and Other CIS (2) + Ukraine

Japan

* The 71 reporting countries:
Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Czechia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen

In 2023, these 71 countries accounted for approximately 98% of world crude steel production.

China

Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2013

Others comprise:

Africa	1.0%	South America	2.8%
Middle East	1.7%	Australia and New Zealand	0.3%

Others comprise:

Africa	2.4%	South America	3.1%
Middle East	3.4%	Australia and New Zealand	0.4%

Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2023

Others comprise:

Africa	1.3%	South America	2.2%
Middle East	2.9%	Australia and New Zealand	0.3%

Others comprise:

Africa	2.0%	South America	2.3%
Middle East	3.1%	Australia and New Zealand	0.4%

Apparent steel use
2019 to 2023

million tonnes, finished steel products

	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Austria	4.0	3.6	4.5	4.1	3.2
Belgium-Luxembourg	3.4	3.0	4.8	4.5	2.7
Czechia	6.7	6.3	7.9	6.6	5.6
France	14.6	12.2	13.8	11.8	10.0
Germany	35.1	31.3	35.5	32.5	28.0
Italy	25.1	20.4	26.5	25.1	23.5
Netherlands	4.6	4.1	4.7	4.8	4.6
Poland	13.6	12.9	15.3	13.2	11.8
Romania	4.5	4.1	4.4	4.3	4.1
Spain	13.2	11.7	13.0	12.5	12.7
Sweden	3.8	3.1	3.8	3.5	3.3
Other EU (27)	19.1	18.0	19.9	19.6	18.2
European Union (27)	147.8	130.9	154.1	142.6	127.6
Türkiye	26.1	29.5	33.4	32.5	38.1
United Kingdom	10.2	8.4	11.0	9.4	9.1
Others	6.8	6.5	6.8	6.5	6.2
Other Europe	43.1	44.3	51.2	48.4	53.4
Russia	43.5	42.3	43.9	41.7	44.6
Ukraine	4.7	4.6	4.8	2.2	3.4
Other CIS	10.1	10.7	10.0	7.7	8.1
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	58.3	57.6	58.7	51.6	56.1
Canada	13.0	13.7	14.5	13.5	12.7
Mexico	24.4	21.9	25.5	25.0	28.5
United States	97.7	80.0	97.1	94.5	90.5
Other North America	4.5	3.6	4.8	4.1	4.5
North America	139.5	119.2	141.8	137.1	136.3
Argentina	3.9	3.6	5.0	5.1	5.0
Brazil	21.0	21.4	26.3	23.5	23.9
Venezuela	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2
Other South America	12.6	10.3	14.6	12.4	12.1
South America	37.6	35.4	46.1	41.2	41.1
Egypt	10.4	9.7	10.2	11.1	9.3
South Africa	4.8	3.8	5.0	4.3	4.5
Other Africa	26.0	23.2	24.0	20.2	21.2
Africa	41.1	36.7	39.2	35.6	35.0
Iran	18.5	17.2	18.2	19.1	19.5
Other Middle East	32.5	30.9	33.4	36.1	35.4
Middle East	51.0	48.1	51.6	55.1	54.9
China	911.9	1 008.7	954.4	926.7	895.7
India	102.6	89.3	106.2	116.1	133.4
Japan	63.2	52.6	57.4	55.0	53.3
South Korea	53.2	49.2	56.0	51.3	54.7
Taiwan, China	17.6	18.8	21.1	17.7	17.4
Other Asia	105.7	93.5	98.5	97.2	97.1
Asia	1 254.3	1 312.2	1 293.7	1 264.1	1 251.6
Oceania	6.6	6.1	7.3	7.3	6.9
World	1 779.3	1 790.4	1 843.7	1 783.0	1 763.0

(e) = estimate

Apparent steel use per capita
2019 to 2023

kilograms, finished steel products

	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Austria	448.2	409.7	504.0	459.0	356.5
Belgium-Luxembourg	281.3	243.7	392.8	362.7	219.4
Czechia	637.1	599.2	754.2	631.1	534.1
France	226.1	189.4	213.7	183.3	153.7
Germany	422.6	376.1	425.7	389.7	336.5
Italy	419.8	343.1	447.3	425.8	399.6
Netherlands	265.8	237.6	269.9	275.0	260.5
Poland	354.2	336.0	398.3	332.4	287.5
Romania	232.5	212.2	226.0	217.9	206.5
Spain	280.9	246.8	274.0	262.8	266.2
Sweden	370.1	302.3	361.2	330.4	308.2
Other EU (27)	259.4	245.0	271.9	266.4	247.6
European Union (27)	332.0	293.9	346.1	318.7	284.3
Türkiye	312.4	350.4	393.7	380.8	443.8
United Kingdom	152.1	125.1	163.8	139.4	135.0
Others	209.0	198.2	209.6	199.9	190.1
Other Europe	235.4	241.2	277.5	261.2	287.0
Russia	298.6	290.6	302.7	288.3	309.1
Ukraine	105.3	104.8	109.4	55.1	92.0
Other CIS	98.0	102.1	95.2	72.4	74.7
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	198.8	195.9	199.7	177.4	193.9
Canada	345.8	361.4	379.2	351.6	328.0
Mexico	195.3	173.6	201.2	195.9	221.8
United States	292.1	238.3	288.1	279.4	266.3
Other North America	47.7	37.9	49.9	42.7	46.9
North America	236.2	200.5	237.4	228.4	225.6
Argentina	87.6	79.8	111.2	111.7	108.9
Brazil	99.0	100.6	122.9	109.3	110.3
Venezuela	4.5	3.2	3.4	5.6	6.7
Other South America	88.3	70.8	100.0	83.9	81.2
South America	87.9	82.0	106.2	94.2	93.5
Egypt	98.0	90.2	93.4	100.3	82.6
South Africa	81.8	63.8	84.2	72.0	74.5
Other Africa	22.4	19.5	19.6	16.1	16.5
Africa	31.0	27.0	28.2	25.0	24.0
Iran	213.6	197.1	207.4	215.4	219.2
Other Middle East	179.2	167.3	178.6	189.6	182.3
Middle East	190.3	176.9	187.8	197.8	193.9
China	641.3	707.9	669.3	649.9	628.3
India	74.2	64.0	75.5	82.0	93.4
Japan	502.5	420.2	460.7	443.6	432.5
South Korea	1 027.5	948.9	1 081.2	990.0	1 056.6
Taiwan, China	740.8	788.9	886.1	741.0	725.9
Other Asia	89.7	78.3	81.6	79.6	78.7
Asia	299.7	311.3	305.0	296.5	291.9
Oceania	152.5	139.8	164.1	162.3	151.8
World	229.2	228.4	233.2	223.7	219.3

Pig iron
2022 and 2023

million tonnes

	Production 2022	Production 2023		– Exports 2023	+ Imports 2023	= Apparent Consumption 2023
Austria	5.8	5.5		0.0	0.0	5.5
Belgium-Luxembourg	4.4	3.6		0.0	0.1	3.7
Czechia	3.4	2.7		0.0	0.1	2.7
Finland	1.9	2.2		0.0	0.0	2.2
France	8.2	6.2		0.1	0.1	6.2
Germany	23.9	23.6		0.2	0.2	23.6
Hungary	0.5	0.2		0.0	0.0	0.2
Italy	3.5	3.1		0.0	1.6	4.6
Netherlands	5.5	4.1		0.3	0.4	4.2
Poland	3.1	2.7		0.1	0.2	2.8
Romania	1.5	0.6		0.0	0.0	0.6
Spain	3.4	3.0		0.0	0.2	3.3
Sweden	2.8	2.9		0.0	0.0	3.0
Other EU (27) ^e	3.2	3.6		0.1	0.2	3.7
European Union (27)	70.9	64.1		0.9	3.2	66.4
Türkiye	9.1	8.7		0.1	1.4	10.0
United Kingdom	4.8	4.5		0.0	0.0	4.5
Others	1.9	1.8	e	0.0	0.0	1.7
Other Europe	15.8	15.0		0.1	1.4	16.3
Kazakhstan	2.9	2.7	e	0.0	0.0	2.7
Russia	51.6	54.6	e	3.4	0.0	51.2
Ukraine	6.4	6.0		1.2	0.0	4.8
Other CIS	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	60.9	63.3		4.7	0.0	58.7
Canada	5.8	5.8		0.1	0.0	5.8
Mexico	2.5	1.0		0.0	0.2	1.2
United States	20.0	20.6		0.0	4.4	25.0
Other North America	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
North America	28.3	27.4		0.1	4.5	31.9
Argentina	2.1	2.0		0.0	0.1	2.0
Brazil	26.8	25.7		3.9	0.0	21.8
Chile	0.6	0.6		0.0	0.0	0.6
Other South America	0.3	0.3	e	0.0	0.2	0.4
South America	29.7	28.5		3.9	0.2	24.9
South Africa	2.4	2.9		0.7	0.0	2.3
Other Africa	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
Africa	2.7	3.2		0.7	0.1	2.7
Iran	3.5	3.5	e	0.2	0.0	3.4
Other Middle East	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
Middle East	3.5	3.5		0.9	0.3	3.0
China	863.8	871.0		0.0	0.4	871.4
India	79.9	86.3		0.4	0.3	86.2
Japan	64.1	63.0		0.1	0.0	63.0
South Korea	42.7	45.2		0.1	0.3	45.4
Taiwan, China	13.4	12.2		0.0	0.4	12.6
Other Asia	20.6	21.9	e	0.2	0.6	22.3
Asia	1 084.6	1 099.7		0.8	2.1	1 100.9
Australia	3.7	3.5		0.0	0.0	3.5
New Zealand	0.6	0.6		0.0	0.0	0.6
Other Oceania	–	–		–	0.0	0.0
Oceania	4.3	4.1		0.1	0.0	4.0
World	1 300.7	1 309.0		12.1	11.9	1 308.7

(e) = estimate

Direct reduced iron production
2019 to 2023

million tonnes

	2019	2020	2021	2022		2023
Germany	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.2		0.2	e
Sweden	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	e	0.1	e
European Union (27)	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.3		0.3
Russia	8.0	7.8	7.8	7.7		7.8

Canada	1.4	1.2	1.6	1.5		1.6
Mexico	6.0	5.2	5.8	5.8		5.9
Trinidad and Tobago	1.7	1.3	1.6	1.4		1.4	e
United States	3.2	3.4	5.0	5.2		5.2	e
North America	12.4	11.0	14.1	14.0		14.1
Argentina	1.1	0.5	1.4	1.4		1.5
Venezuela	1.0	0.9	0.8	0.3		0.3
South America	2.1	1.4	2.2	1.7		1.7
Algeria	1.5	2.2	3.1	3.9		4.0	e
Egypt	4.4	4.8	5.4	6.0		7.2
Kenya ^e		0.1	0.1	0.3	e	0.3	e
Libya	0.9	0.8	0.9	1.1		1.6
South Africa ^e	0.7	0.2	0.2	0.2		0.2
Zambia ^e	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	e	0.1	e
Africa	7.6	8.2	9.7	11.5		13.4
Bahrain	1.5	1.4	1.5	1.4		1.6
Iran	28.5	30.8	31.6	32.9		33.4
Oman	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.8		1.8	e
Qatar	2.4	0.8	0.8	1.6		1.7
Saudi Arabia	5.8	5.2	6.1	6.7		6.8
United Arab Emirates	3.7	3.0	3.7	3.4		3.6
Middle East	43.6	42.8	45.4	47.9		49.0
India	36.8	33.6	39.0	42.3		49.6
Malaysia	0.6	0.7	0.4	0.8		0.7	e
Asia	37.5	34.4	39.4	43.1		50.3
World	111.8	106.3	119.2	126.2		136.5

(e) = estimate

Iron ore
2022

million tonnes, actual weight

	Production	– Exports	+ Imports =	=	Apparent Consumption
Austria	3.3	0.0	1.4		4.7
Belgium-Luxembourg	0.0	0.2	7.4		7.2
Czechia	0.0	0.0	4.9		4.9
France	0.0	0.0	12.4		12.3
Germany	0.8	1.5	37.5		36.8
Italy	0.0	0.0	5.1		5.1
Netherlands	0.0	18.4	25.7		7.3
Poland	0.0	0.1	4.9		4.8
Romania	0.0	0.2	2.0		1.9
Slovakia	0.0	0.0	4.9		4.8
Spain	0.0	0.1	4.8		4.6
Sweden	28.1	23.7	0.0		4.4
Other EU (27)	0.0	0.2	3.6		3.5
European Union (27)	32.2	44.3	114.4		102.3
Bosnia-Herzegovina	1.3	0.0	0.0		1.3
Norway	1.7	1.8	0.0		0.0
Türkiye	5.5	2.7	9.6		12.3
United Kingdom	0.0	0.0	6.4		6.4
Others	0.0	0.1	1.8		1.7
Other Europe	8.5	4.6	17.7		21.7
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	174.8	44.1	0.0		130.7
Canada	69.0	53.7	7.8		23.0
Mexico	29.9	2.4	2.2		29.7
United States	46.0	11.4	4.9		39.6
Other North America	0.0	0.3	1.7		1.3
North America	144.9	67.8	16.6		93.6
Brazil	420.0	346.2	0.2		74.1
Chile	17.1	16.2	0.3		1.3
Peru	17.0	4.7	0.0		12.3
Venezuela	2.4	0.9	0.0		1.5
Other South America	0.4	0.3	6.6		6.7
South America	456.9	368.2	7.2		95.9
Liberia	4.4	4.5	0.0		– 0.1
Mauritania	14.0	12.0	0.0		2.0
South Africa	66.3	58.3	0.0		8.0
Other Africa	22.4	7.0	9.9		25.3
Africa	107.1	81.8	9.9		35.2
Middle East	57.5	15.4	31.7		73.9
China ¹	252.6	22.3	1 107.8		1 338.0
India	247.8	16.0	2.0		233.9
Japan	0.0	0.0	104.2		104.2
South Korea	1.1	0.3	66.4		67.2
Other Asia	24.4	35.9	81.6		70.2
Asia	526.0	74.5	1 362.1		1 813.5
Australia	944.1	888.0	1.0		57.1
New Zealand and Other Oceania	3.8	0.0	0.0		3.8
Oceania	947.9	888.0	1.0		60.9
World	2 455.7	1 588.8	1 560.7		2 427.7

¹ Production adjusted so that Fe content is similar to world average.

World trade in iron ore by area
2023

million tonnes

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

Trade in ferrous scrap
2022 and 2023

million tonnes

	Exports		Imports
	2022	2023	2022	2023
Austria	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.1
Belgium	3.9	3.8	4.5	4.0
Bulgaria	0.5	0.5	0.2	0.2
Czechia	2.2	2.5	0.5	0.4
Finland	0.6	0.7	0.2	0.1
France	6.3	6.3	1.4	1.2
Germany	7.2	7.5	4.2	3.2
Greece	0.2	0.1	0.9	0.6
Italy	0.8	0.9	5.2	5.8
Netherlands	6.7	7.1	3.8	3.5
Poland	2.2	2.6	0.8	0.9
Slovakia	0.9	0.7	0.2	0.2
Spain	0.9	0.7	3.0	3.1
Sweden	1.4	1.8	0.2	0.2
Other EU	8.3	8.4	5.6	5.4
European Union (27)	43.5	44.7	31.8	30.0
Türkiye	0.2	0.2	21.1	18.8
United Kingdom	8.2	7.2	0.2	0.3
Others	1.8	2.0	1.0	1.0
Other Europe	10.2	9.4	22.3	20.1
Kazakhstan	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russia	1.0	0.9	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.0
Other CIS	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.2
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	1.4	1.2	0.1	0.2
Canada	4.7	4.8	1.1	0.8
Mexico	0.8	1.0	2.9	2.8
United States	17.5	16.3	4.7	5.1
Other North America	1.0	1.0	0.0	0.0
North America	24.0	23.0	8.8	8.7
Brazil	0.4	1.1	0.0	0.0
Other South America	1.9	1.6	1.2	0.9
South America	2.2	2.6	1.2	0.9
South Africa	0.5	0.2	0.1	0.0
Other Africa	1.3	1.4	0.9	3.0
Africa	1.8	1.5	0.9	3.0
Middle East	3.6	3.2	0.6	0.6
China	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.5
Japan	6.3	6.9	0.1	0.1
South Korea	0.3	0.4	4.7	3.8
Taiwan, China	0.1	0.1	2.9	3.4
Other Asia	3.1	3.9	22.9	25.5
Asia	9.8	11.3	31.1	33.3
Oceania	2.4	2.2	0.2	0.1
World	98.9	99.1	97.0	97.0

World trade in ferrous scrap by area 2023

million tonnes

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

World steel trade in products
1975 to 2023

Exports are of finished and semi-finished steel products. Production of finished steel, where not available from national sources, is calculated from crude steel production, taking into account the continuous casting ratio.

Year	Exports	Production	Exports %
1975	114.7	506.9	22.6
1980	140.6	578.7	24.3
1985	171.0	599.0	28.5
1990	171.0	654.0	26.2
1991	177.1	660.0	26.8
1992	196.1	658.0	29.8
1993	222.5	664.9	33.5
1994	238.6	656.2	36.4
1995	246.6	685.6	36.0
1996	236.4	687.1	34.4
1997	267.9	730.1	36.7
1998	268.7	713.4	37.7
1999	280.8	725.8	38.7
2000	307.5	783.6	39.2
2001	300.5	785.9	38.2
2002	318.0	837.1	38.0
2003	333.6	899.1	37.1
2004	368.3	985.6	37.4
2005	373.3	1 065.5	35.0
2006	418.5	1 161.3	36.0
2007	446.8	1 255.4	35.6
2008	438.5	1 250.4	35.1
2009	330.1	1 155.9	28.6
2010	392.7	1 337.6	29.4
2011	418.7	1 435.4	29.2
2012	416.0	1 458.9	28.5
2013	412.6	1 543.1	26.7
2014	457.4	1 563.4	29.3
2015	467.4	1 516.2	30.8
2016	476.8	1 523.9	31.3
2017	462.9	1 621.0	28.6
2018	457.2	1 704.2	26.8
2019	438.8	1 748.9	25.1
2020	405.6	1 755.8	23.1
2021	459.1	1 826.3	25.1
2022	403.0	1 759.6	22.9
2023	434.7	1 761.4	24.7

World volume of trade 2000 to 2023

World steel exports by product
2019 to 2023

million tonnes

	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Ingots and semi-finished material	56.1	55.7	61.1	44.6	53.2
Railway track material	4.9	2.6	2.8	2.6	2.9
Angles, shapes and sections	21.5	19.6	20.3	19.0	20.1
Concrete re-inforcing bars	19.1	19.2	22.0	15.4	15.5
Bars and rods, hot-rolled	15.2	12.8	15.3	12.7	12.2
Wire rod	26.8	25.2	29.0	25.5	22.6
Drawn wire	8.8	8.7	9.6	8.6	9.6
Other bars and rods	5.6	4.5	6.1	7.4	8.6
Hot-rolled strip	3.2	2.8	3.4	3.0	3.1
Cold-rolled strip	4.0	3.7	4.8	4.1	4.0
Hot-rolled sheets and coils	78.4	74.6	79.3	68.0	75.6
Plates	32.8	29.4	30.9	32.2	35.2
Cold-rolled sheets and coils	32.5	19.0	36.7	30.8	30.3
Electrical sheet and strip	4.1	3.9	5.1	5.2	4.5
Tinmill products	6.9	7.0	6.8	6.9	5.9
Galvanised sheet	43.0	37.0	45.3	38.4	41.0
Other coated sheet	18.2	18.1	20.2	16.5	18.4
Steel tubes and fittings	40.9	32.3	34.3	34.2	36.5
Wheels (forged and rolled) and axles	0.8	0.7	0.9	0.8	1.0
Castings	1.3	1.1	1.4	1.5	1.4
Forgings	1.0	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.1
Total	425.2	378.8	436.3	378.4	402.8

Exports data is reported by countries and therefore includes for example intra-EU trade, trade between USMCA countries, etc.

The figures are based on a broad definition of the steel industry and its products, including ingots, semi-finished products, hot-rolled and cold-finished products, tubes, wire, and unworked castings and forgings.

The above table comprises the exports of 62 countries, which represents approximately 95.5 per cent of total world trade in 2023.

World trade in steel by area
2023

million tonnes

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

Major importers and exporters of steel 2023

million tonnes

Rank	Total exports	Mt
1	China	94.3
2	Japan	32.2
3	South Korea	27.0
4	European Union (27) ¹	26.0
5	Germany ²	22.5
6	Italy ²	16.1
7	Belgium ²	14.6
8	Russia	13.9
9	Türkiye	12.7
10	Brazil	12.3
11	Iran	11.9
12	Netherlands ²	11.8
13	France ²	9.9
14	India	9.9
15	Indonesia	9.6
16	Taiwan, China	9.5
17	United States	8.9
18	Viet Nam	8.6
19	Spain ²	7.8
20	Malaysia	7.6

Rank	Total imports	Mt
1	European Union (27) ¹	39.2
2	United States	26.4
3	Germany ²	18.7
4	Italy ²	18.7
5	Türkiye	18.0
6	Mexico	17.5
7	South Korea	15.0
8	Viet Nam	14.0
9	Thailand	13.7
10	Indonesia	12.4
11	France ²	11.8
12	Belgium ²	11.6
13	Poland ²	11.6
14	China	11.0
15	Spain ²	10.2
16	India	9.8
17	Netherlands ²	9.0
18	Canada	8.6
19	Taiwan, China	7.5
20	Malaysia	7.1

Rank	Net exports (exports – imports)	Mt
1	China	83.2
2	Japan	26.3
3	Russia	12.7
4	South Korea	12.0
5	Iran	10.2
6	Brazil	7.3
7	Oman	3.8
8	Germany ²	3.8
9	Austria ²	3.6
10	Belgium ²	3.0
11	Netherlands ²	2.8
12	Ukraine	2.2
13	Taiwan, China	2.0
14	Slovakia ²	1.5
15	Luxembourg ²	1.5

Rank	Net imports (imports – exports)	Mt
1	European Union (27) ¹	22.0
2	United States	17.6
3	Egypt	15.2
4	Mexico	14.4
5	Thailand	12.0
6	Philippines	6.9
7	Poland ²	6.5
8	Viet Nam	5.4
9	Türkiye	5.2
10	United Arab Emirates	4.5
11	Iraq	4.4
12	Saudi Arabia	3.4
13	Indonesia	2.8
14	Czechia ²	2.7
15	Singapore	2.7

¹ Excluding intra-regional trade
² Data for individual European Union (27) countries include intra-European trade

Indirect trade in steel
2000 to 2019

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

Year	Indirect Exports, Mt
2000	172.1
2001	178.1
2002	187.8
2003	199.1
2004	224.0
2005	249.2
2006	269.5
2007	292.4
2008	303.6
2009	231.4
2010	285.4
2011	323.8
2012	324.1
2013	319.1
2014	324.5
2015	322.4
2016	329.8
2017	341.5
2018	354.6
2019	358.9

An explanation of the methodology of indirect trade in steel can be found in the report ‘Indirect Trade in Steel (March 2015)’ at worldsteel.org/publications/bookshop/indirect-trade.
Last updated in May 2021.

Indirect trade in steel takes place through exports and imports of steel containing goods and is expressed in finished steel equivalent of products used.

Further explanation on definitions and methodology of indirect trade in steel can be found in the report ‘Indirect Trade in Steel
(March 2015)’.

True steel use
2015 to 2019

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
France	17.1	18.4	19.0	19.1	19.7
Germany	28.8	31.0	30.3	28.4	27.9
Italy	18.8	18.5	19.5	20.2	20.2
Spain	10.8	10.3	11.0	11.6	12.3
European Union (27)	126.8	132.3	136.8	143.8	139.7
Türkiye	32.5	32.1	33.5	26.7	20.7
United Kingdom	16.5	17.1	16.9	16.8	16.2
Other Europe	56.7	57.0	58.3	51.7	45.0
Russia	43.8	43.5	46.9	47.1	49.8
Russia & Other CIS + Ukraine	52.0	52.7	57.7	58.4	62.0
Canada	18.6	18.6	19.1	19.3	18.2
Mexico	20.2	20.1	22.7	21.1	15.2
United States	118.9	115.4	122.2	127.1	125.7
USMCA	157.8	154.1	164.0	167.5	159.2
Brazil	22.6	19.2	19.4	21.2	21.3
Central and South America	47.0	39.9	41.9	42.5	41.5
Africa and Middle East	89.4	84.5	82.3	79.9	81.8
China	611.7	620.5	706.2	761.5	825.5
Japan	48.3	46.9	50.3	51.5	49.4
South Korea	39.7	41.6	41.7	41.3	40.5
Asia and Oceania	880.3	904.1	996.5	1 066.4	1 130.1
Total 1	1 410.0	1 424.7	1 537.6	1 610.3	1 659.2

¹ The total comprises 74 countries.

True steel use (TSU) is obtained by subtracting net indirect exports of steel from apparent steel use (ASU). Total TSU is not equal to ASU because of differences in country coverage and methodological specifics of indirect trade in steel calculations.

Major indirect importers and exporters of steel, 2019

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

Rank	Indirect Exports	Mt
1	China	95.8
2	Germany*	32.9
3	Japan	21.7
4	United States	20.9
5	South Korea	17.9
6	Mexico	17.2
7	Italy*	13.3
8	Poland*	9.9
9	Spain*	9.5
10	Türkiye	8.6

Rank	Indirect Imports	Mt
1	United States	49.0
2	Germany*	25.7
3	France*	13.8
4	United Kingdom	11.9
5	Canada	11.6
6	China	9.4
7	Belgium-Luxembourg*	8.8
8	Russia	8.8
9	Spain*	8.5
10	Italy*	8.5

Rank	Net Indirect Exports (exports-imports)	Mt
1	China	86.4
2	Japan	13.9
3	South Korea	12.7
4	Mexico	9.1
5	Germany*	7.2

Rank	Net Indirect Imports (imports-exports)	Mt
1	United States	28.1
2	Russia	6.3
3	United Kingdom	6.0
4	Canada	5.2
5	France*	5.1

* – Data for individual European Union (27) countries include intra-European trade

Apparent and true steel use per capita, 2019

Steel use by sector

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Notation used in this publication:

e	indicates a figure that has been estimated.
0.0	indicates that the quantity concerned is less than 0.05.
–	indicates zero or no data.

	all commodities	steel-containing manufactured goods	steel
2000	100.0	100.0	100.0
2001	96.2	103.2	97.7
2002	100.9	110.0	103.4
2003	117.7	116.9	108.5
2004	142.4	131.0	119.8
2005	161.9	145.8	121.4
2006	186.5	156.8	136.1
2007	216.0	168.4	145.3
2008	250.6	175.0	142.6
2009	191.1	134.4	107.4
2010	234.5	165.7	127.7
2011	280.2	187.4	136.2
2012	282.8	187.0	135.3
2013	288.6	184.0	134.2
2014	290.4	187.1	148.8
2015	253.8	185.9	152.0
2016	247.1	191.1	155.1
2017	272.6	197.3	150.5
2018	299.8	202.5	148.7
2019	291.5	207.5	142.7
2020	269.5		131.9
2021	342.1		149.3
2022	382.7		131.1
2023	364.7		141.2

2019	True steel use per capita	Apparent steel use per capita
Brazil	101	99
Mexico	119	191
United Kingdom	240	152
Turkey	248	313
Spain	263	283
France	302	224
Italy	333	413
Germany	334	421
Russia	341	298
United States	382	297
Japan	389	498
Canada	487	347
China	576	636
South Korea	790	1039