World Steel in Figures 2025

Foreword

Steel is one of the world’s most important metals. It can be found everywhere in our lives, from the grandest infrastructure projects to the contents of your kitchen cupboards. It is strong, durable, and infinitely recyclable without loss of any of its inherent properties. It has enabled our modern way of life and will be the foundation of our future.

Some of the most important work that we do at the World Steel Association (worldsteel) is to collect data directly from the steel producers across the globe that comprise our membership, making our data and publications trusted sources on our indispensable material.

World Steel in Figures compiles much of this to give you an overview of the most recent dynamics of the industry covering data on the top steel-producing companies and countries, demand, production processes, and trade. It also includes the latest data from our sustainability indicators and so covers CO2 emissions, safety and health, and education and training across the industry.

I hope you enjoy reading it. Please don’t hesitate to contact worldsteel with any questions or comments.

Best wishes,

Dr Edwin Basson
Director General

Sustainability Indicators of the steel industry

Environmental performance

1. CO₂ emissions intensity

In 2023, 1.92 tonnes of CO₂ were emitted per tonne of
crude steel cast.

2. Energy intensity

In 2023, 21.27 GJ of energy were consumed per tonne of
crude steel cast.

3. Material efficiency

In 2023, 98.15% of steel industry raw materials were converted into steel products or co-products.

4. Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

In 2023, 94.81% of employees and contractors worked in
EMS-registered facilities.

Social performance

5. Lost time injury frequency rate (LTIFR)

In 2024, the number of injuries per million hours worked was 0.70 for employees and contractors combined.

6. Employee training

In 2023, employees in the steel industry received
8.90 days training/year.

Economic performance

7. Investment in new processes and products

In 2023, the steel industry invested 7.25% of its revenue in new products and processes.

8. Economic Value Distributed (EVD)

In 2023, the steel industry distributed 98.82% of its
revenue to society.

Notes:
Indicators 1 and 2: CO₂ emissions intensity and energy intensity are calculated with the worldsteel CO₂ data collection methodology, which includes all scopes (1, 2, and some scope 3). The two intensities represent production weighted averages between blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF), scrap-based electric arc furnace (EAF) and direct reduced iron (DRI)-based EAF steel production. See page 6 for details.
Indicator 3: Only solid and liquid residues are included in this calculation, and process gases are not included.
Indicator 5: Lost time injury frequency rate includes fatalities and is calculated based on figures including contractors and employees.
Indicator 6: Employee training includes production and non-production facilities.Indicator 7: Investment in new processes and products includes capital expenditure and R&D investment.

In 2024, a total of 93 steel companies and associations contributed to the data
collection, representing 956.1 million tonnes, equivalent to 51% of global crude steel
production. Of these, 74 organisations voluntarily reported on one or more of the eight
sustainability indicators, with 36 providing comprehensive data for all eight.

To find out more, go to our latest reports:
Sustainability Indicators report 2024
Safety and health in the steel industry: Data report 2025

Highlights

Crude steel production 2000 – 2024

Steel production has been stable since 2020.

Apparent steel use per capita

Globally, 214.7 kg of steel was used in new products per person in 2024.

Crude steel production by process

In tonnes CO₂ per tonnes of crude steel cast, based on 2023 calculation.

World crude steel production
1950 to 2024

million tonnes, crude steel production

Years	World
1950	189
1955	270
1960	347
1965	456
1970	595
1975	644
1980	717
1985	719
1990	770

Years	World
1995	753
2000	850
2005	1 148
2010	1 435
2011	1 540
2012	1 563
2013	1 654
2014	1 676
2015	1 626

Years	World
2016	1 634
2017	1 738
2018	1 831
2019	1 879
2020	1 883
2021	1 963
2022	1 889
2023	1 904
2024	1 885

Average Growth Rates % per annum
Years	World
1950-55	7.4
1955-60	5.1
1960-65	5.6
1965-70	5.5
1970-75	1.6
1975-80	2.2
1980-85	0.1
1985-90	1.4
1990-95	-0.5
1995-00	2.5
2000-05	6.2
2005-10	4.6
2010-15	2.5
2015-20	3.0
2020-24	0.0

Top 50 steel-producing companies 2024

million tonnes, crude steel production

2024 Rank	Company	2024
1	China Baowu Group	130.09
2	ArcelorMittal ¹	65.00
3	Ansteel Group	59.55
4	Nippon Steel Corporation ²	43.64
5	HBIS Group	42.28
6	Shagang Group	40.22
7	Jianlong Group	39.37
8	POSCO Holdings	37.79
9	Shougang Group	31.57
10	Tata Steel Group	31.02
11	Delong Steel	29.33
12	JSW Steel Limited	26.95
13	Hunan Steel Group	24.90
14	JFE Steel Corporation	23.53
15	Jingye Group ³	22.72
16	Nucor Corporation	20.66
17	Shandong Steel Group	19.45
18	Liuzhou Steel	19.22
19	Fangda Steel	19.10
20	SAIL	19.10
21	Hyundai Steel	18.36
22	Rizhao Steel	18.30
23	Cleveland-Cliffs	16.40 ^e
24	CITIC Pacific	16.15
25	Tsingshan Holding	16.00

2024 Rank	Company	2024
26	Baotou Steel	14.99
27	Jinan Iron and Steel Group Co. ⁴	14.30
28	Techint Group	14.29
29	U.S. Steel	14.18
30	NLMK	13.60 ^e
31	Sinogiant Group	13.04
32	Shenglong Metallurgical	12.79
33	Gerdau S.A.	12.78
34	China Steel Corporation	12.65
35	Zenith Steel	12.61
36	Anyang Steel ⁵	12.50 ^e
37	Sanming Steel	11.41
38	Nanjing Steel	11.35
39	MMK	11.20
40	Shaanxi Steel	11.02
41	Severstal	10.38
42	thyssenkrupp	10.26
43	Steel Dynamics, Inc.	10.20
44	Mobarakeh Steel Company	10.19
45	Puyang Steel	9.38
46	Tosyali Holding	9.12
47	Donghai Special Steel	9.00
48	Jiuquan Steel	8.79
49	Hoa Phat Steel	8.71
50	Erdemir Group	8.54

e Estimate

¹ Includes 60% AM/NS India (former Essar Steel)
² Includes Nippon Steel Stainless Steel Corporation, Sanyo Special Steel, Ovako, 40% AM/NS India and 22% USIMINAS
³ Including tonnage of Yingkou Plate from 2024
⁴ Including tonnage of Ganglu Steel and Yuhua Steel from 2024
⁵ Including tonnage of Xinyang from 2024

Notes on company ownership and tonnage calculations:
For worldsteel members, the data was sourced from their official tonnage declarations. In case of more than 50% ownership, 100% of the subsidiary’s tonnage is included, unless specified otherwise. In cases of 30%-50% ownership, pro-rata tonnage is included. Unless otherwise specified in the declaration, less than 30% ownership is considered a minority and therefore, not included. Figures represent ownership ending 31 December 2024.

For an extended company listing, go to https://worldsteel.org/data//top-producers.

Major steel-producing countries
2023 and 2024

million tonnes, crude steel production

Country	2024		2023
Country	Rank	Tonnage	Rank	Tonnage
China	1	1 005.1	1	1 028.9
India	2	149.4	2	140.8
Japan	3	84.0	3	87.0
United States	4	79.5	4	81.4
Russia	5	71.0	5	76.0
South Korea	6	63.6	6	66.7
Germany	7	37.2	7	35.4
Türkiye	8	36.9	8	33.7
Brazil	9	33.8	9	32.0
Iran	10	31.4	10	30.7
Viet Nam	11	22.0	12	19.2
Italy	12	20.0	11	21.1
Taiwan, China	13	19.2	13	19.1
Indonesia ^e	14	18.0	14	16.8
Mexico	15	13.8	15	16.4
Canada	16	12.3	16	12.2
Spain	17	11.9	17	11.4
France	18	10.8	19	10.0
Egypt	19	10.7	18	10.4
Saudi Arabia	20	9.6	20	9.9
Malaysia ^e	21	8.8	21	7.5
Ukraine	22	7.6	24	6.2
Belgium	23	7.1	25	5.9
Austria	24	7.1	22	7.1
Poland	25	7.1	23	6.4
Netherlands	26	6.4	33	4.7
Thailand	27	4.9	30	5.0
South Africa	28	4.7	31	5.0
Australia	29	4.7	28	5.3
Algeria	30	4.5	34	4.4
Bangladesh ^e	31	4.5	29	5.0
Kazakhstan	32	4.2	37	3.9
Pakistan	33	4.1	27	5.3
Sweden	34	4.0	36	4.3
United Kingdom	35	4.0	26	5.6
Slovakia	36	3.9	35	4.4
Argentina	37	3.9	32	4.9
United Arab Emirates	38	3.7	39	3.8
Finland	39	3.7	38	3.8
Oman	40	3.0	41	2.9
Iraq	41	3.0	42	2.8
Czechia	42	2.5	40	3.4
Belarus ^e	43	2.3	43	2.3
Portugal	44	1.9	44	2.0
Philippines ^e	45	1.9	46	1.9
Luxembourg	46	1.8	45	1.9
Peru	47	1.6	48	1.6
Kenya ^e	48	1.6	52	1.4
Morocco	49	1.4	50	1.4
Serbia	50	1.4	49	1.5
Others		23.0		23.6
World		1 884.6		1 904.1

e – estimate

Crude steel production by process 2024

	Million tonnes	Oxygen %	Electric %	Other %	Total %
Austria	7.1	91.6	8.4	–	100.0
Belgium ^e	7.1	71.2	28.8	–	100.0
Bulgaria	0.5	–	100.0	–	100.0
Croatia	0.2	–	100.0	–	100.0
Czechia	2.5	94.7	5.3	–	100.0
Finland	3.7	63.2	36.8	–	100.0
France	10.8	62.7	37.3	–	100.0
Germany	37.2	70.9	29.1	–	100.0
Greece	1.3	–	100.0	–	100.0
Hungary	0.2	–	100.0	–	100.0
Italy ^e	20.0	10.7	89.3	–	100.0
Luxembourg	1.8	–	100.0	–	100.0
Netherlands	6.4	100.0	–	–	100.0
Poland	7.1	54.2	45.8	–	100.0
Portugal	1.9	–	100.0	–	100.0
Romania ^e	1.4	30.9	69.1	–	100.0
Slovakia ^e	3.9	89.9	10.1	–	100.0
Slovenia	0.6	–	100.0	–	100.0
Spain	11.9	30.7	69.3	–	100.0
Sweden	4.0	65.8	34.2	–	100.0
European Union (27)	129.7	55.6	44.4	–	100.0
Türkiye	36.9	30.0	70.0	–	100.0
United Kingdom	4.0	71.7	28.3	–	100.0
Others ^e	4.1	41.2	58.8	–	100.0
Other Europe	45.0	34.7	65.3	–	100.0
Russia ^e	71.0	63.6	34.2	2.2	100.0
Ukraine	7.6	49.5	12.3	38.2	100.0
Other CIS ^e	8.4	48.5	49.9	1.7	100.0
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	87.0	60.9	33.8	5.3	100.0
Canada	12.3	57.0	43.0	–	100.0
Mexico	13.8	3.4	96.6	–	100.0
United States ^e	79.5	28.2	71.8	–	100.0
Other North America ^e	0.5	–	100.0	–	100.0
North America	106.1	28.2	71.8	–	100.0
Argentina	3.9	47.1	52.9	–	100.0
Brazil	33.8	75.5	23.2	1.2	100.0
Chile	0.8	43.5	56.5	–	100.0
Venezuela	0.0	–	100.0	–	100.0
Other South America ^e	3.5	7.2	92.8	–	100.0
South America	41.9	66.6	32.4	1.0	100.0
Egypt	10.7	–	100.0	–	100.0
South Africa	4.7	54.9	45.1	–	100.0
Other Africa ^e	12.6	7.7	92.3	0.0	100.0
Africa	28.1	12.7	87.3	0.0	100.0
Iran ^e	31.4	8.0	92.0	–	100.0
Saudi Arabia	9.6	–	100.0	–	100.0
Other Middle East ^e	13.9	–	100.0	–	100.0
Middle East	54.8	4.6	95.4	–	100.0
China ^e	1 005.1	89.9	10.2	–	100.0
India	149.4	41.2	58.8	–	100.0
Japan	84.0	73.8	26.2	–	100.0
South Korea	63.6	72.3	27.7	–	100.0
Taiwan, China	19.2	59.4	40.6	–	100.0
Other Asia ^e	65.4	52.5	41.2	6.4	100.0
Asia	1 386.8	80.6	19.1	0.3	100.0
Australia	4.7	72.2	27.8	–	100.0
New Zealand	0.6	100.0	–	–	100.0
Total of above countries	1 884.6	70.4	29.1	0.5	100.0

The countries in this table accounted for approximately 100% of world crude steel production in 2024.

e – estimate

Continuously-cast steel output
2022 to 2024

	Million tonnes			% Crude steel output
	2022	2023	2024	2022	2023	2024
Austria ^e	7.2	6.9	6.9	96.4	96.7	96.5
Belgium	7.0	5.9	7.1	100.0	100.0	100.0
Bulgaria	0.5	0.5	0.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
Croatia	0.2	0.2	0.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
Czechia	4.2	3.3	2.5	97.5	97.7	97.3
Finland	3.5	3.8	3.6	99.5	99.5	99.5
France ^e	11.8	9.7	10.5	97.5	97.0	97.2
Germany ^e	35.9	34.6	36.4	97.5	97.7	97.7
Greece	1.5	1.2	1.3	100.0	100.0	100.0
Hungary	0.9	0.5	0.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
Italy ^e	20.5	20.0	19.0	94.9	95.0	94.8
Luxembourg	1.9	1.9	1.8	100.0	100.0	100.0
Netherlands	6.1	4.7	6.4	100.0	100.0	100.0
Poland	7.3	6.3	7.0	98.3	98.4	98.7
Portugal	1.9	2.0	1.9	100.0	100.0	100.0
Romania ^e	2.6	1.6	1.3	97.3	96.5	96.0
Slovakia	3.9	4.4	3.9	100.0	100.0	100.0
Slovenia	0.5	0.4	0.5	80.9	79.5	83.2
Spain	11.4	11.3	11.8	98.2	98.8	99.4
Sweden ¹ ^e	3.9	3.7	3.5	87.5	86.9	87.0
European Union (27)	132.6	122.8	126.3	97.2	97.2	97.4
Türkiye	35.1	33.7	36.9	100.0	100.0	100.0
United Kingdom	5.9	5.6	4.0	99.5	99.3	98.9
Others ^e	4.5	4.2	4.1	100.0	100.0	99.9
Other Europe	45.6	43.5	45.0	99.9	99.9	99.9
Russia ^e	60.0	64.5	59.5	84.0	84.8	83.8
Ukraine	4.7	3.7	4.6	75.2	59.2	60.6
Other CIS ^e	8.1	8.1	8.3	99.3	99.2	99.3
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	72.8	76.3	72.4	84.8	84.4	83.3
Canada	10.9	11.0	11.0	90.2	90.1	88.8
Mexico	18.4	16.4	13.8	100.0	100.0	100.0
United States	80.3	81.1	79.2	99.7	99.7	99.7
Other North America ^e	0.6	0.5	0.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
North America	110.2	109.0	104.4	98.7	98.7	98.4
Argentina	5.1	4.9	3.8	99.7	99.7	99.6
Brazil	33.3	31.5	33.6	97.6	98.2	99.5
Chile	1.2	1.2	0.8	100.0	100.0	100.0
Venezuela	0.0	0.0	0.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other South America ^e	3.7	3.5	3.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
South America	43.2	41.0	41.7	98.1	98.6	99.6
Egypt	9.8	10.4	10.7	100.0	100.0	100.0
South Africa	4.5	5.0	4.7	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other Africa ^e	8.8	11.8	12.6	99.9	100.0	100.0
Africa	23.1	27.1	28.1	100.0	100.0	100.0
Iran	30.6	30.7	31.4	100.0	100.0	100.0
Saudi Arabia	9.9	9.9	9.6	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other Middle East ^e	13.8	13.5	13.9	100.0	100.0	100.0
Middle East	54.2	54.2	54.8	100.0	100.0	100.0
China ^e	1 001.5	1 012.3	989.0	98.4	98.4	98.4
India	117.8	132.7	140.5	93.9	94.3	94.1
Japan ^e	88.3	86.2	83.3	99.0	99.1	99.1
South Korea	64.7	65.4	62.6	98.2	98.1	98.4
Taiwan, China	20.8	19.1	19.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other Asia ^e	62.7	61.8	65.1	99.5	99.4	99.5
Asia	1 355.8	1 377.6	1 359.7	98.1	98.1	98.0
Australia	5.6	5.3	4.7	100.0	100.0	100.0
New Zealand	0.6	0.6	0.6	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total of above countries	1 843.7	1 857.4	1 837.7	97.6	97.5	97.5

The countries in this table accounted for approximately 100% of world crude steel production in 2024.
e – estimate
¹ – Continuously-cast steel includes steel powders

Monthly crude steel production
2021 to 2024

million tonnes

Total 71 reporting countries*

million tonnes

North America

European Union (27)

South America

Russia and other CIS (2) + Ukraine

Japan

* The 71 reporting countries:
Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Czechia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen

In 2024, these 71 countries accounted for approximately 98% of world crude steel production.

China

Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2014

Others comprise:

Africa	1.0%	South America	2.7%
Middle East	1.8%	Australia and New Zealand	0.3%

Others comprise:

Africa	2.4%	South America	2.9%
Middle East	3.5%	Australia and New Zealand	0.5%

Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2024

Others comprise:

Africa	1.5%	South America	2.2%
Middle East	2.9%	Australia and New Zealand	0.3%

Others comprise:

Africa	2.2%	South America	2.4%
Middle East	3.2%	Australia and New Zealand	0.4%

Apparent steel use
2020 to 2024

million tonnes, finished steel products

	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Austria	3.6	4.5	4.1	3.1	3.0
Belgium-Luxembourg	3.0	4.8	4.5	2.7	3.3
Czechia	6.3	7.9	6.6	5.6	5.6
France	12.2	13.8	11.8	11.2	11.5
Germany	31.3	35.5	32.5	28.3	26.0
Italy	20.3	26.5	25.0	23.5	22.8
Netherlands	4.1	4.7	4.9	4.4	4.5
Poland	12.9	15.3	13.2	11.8	12.9
Romania	4.1	4.4	4.3	4.1	4.2
Spain	11.7	13.0	12.5	12.7	13.5
Sweden	3.1	3.8	3.5	3.3	3.1
Other EU (27)	18.0	19.9	19.7	19.1	19.7
European Union (27)	130.8	154.1	142.6	129.8	130.1
Türkiye	29.5	33.4	32.5	38.0	38.3
United Kingdom	8.4	9.7	8.3	7.7	8.1
Others	6.5	6.8	6.5	6.6	7.0
Other Europe	44.3	49.8	47.2	52.4	53.3
Russia	42.3	43.9	41.7	44.6	43.7
Ukraine	4.6	4.8	2.2	3.4	3.6
Other CIS	10.8	10.2	7.8	12.2	11.8
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	57.7	58.8	51.7	60.3	59.1
Canada	13.8	15.2	13.4	12.9	12.9
Mexico	21.9	25.5	25.0	29.0	27.6
United States	80.0	97.1	94.5	90.5	89.1
Other North America	3.6	4.8	4.1	4.7	4.6
North America	119.2	142.6	137.0	137.2	134.2
Argentina	3.6	5.0	5.1	5.0	3.4
Brazil	21.4	26.3	23.5	24.0	26.0
Venezuela	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other South America	10.3	14.6	12.4	12.1	12.7
South America	35.4	46.1	41.2	41.3	42.3
Egypt	9.7	10.2	11.1	8.6	9.3
South Africa	3.8	5.0	4.1	4.4	4.3
Other Africa	23.2	24.0	19.8	23.8	24.3
Africa	36.7	39.2	35.1	36.8	37.9
Iran	17.2	18.2	19.1	19.5	20.2
Other Middle East	30.9	33.4	33.0	35.1	36.4
Middle East	48.1	51.6	52.1	54.6	56.6
China	1 008.7	954.4	926.7	905.1	856.6
India	89.3	106.2	116.1	132.8	147.9
Japan	52.6	57.4	55.0	53.4	51.4
South Korea	49.2	56.0	51.3	54.7	47.8
Taiwan, China	18.8	21.1	17.7	17.4	17.9
Other Asia	93.4	98.3	97.3	97.2	100.2
Asia	1 312.0	1 293.5	1 264.2	1 258.3	1 221.8
Oceania	6.1	7.3	7.3	7.4	7.1
World	1 790.4	1 843.1	1 778.3	1 778.1	1 742.4

(e) = estimate

Apparent steel use per capita
2020 to 2024

kilograms, finished steel products

	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Austria	409.7	504.0	459.0	347.0	335.9
Belgium-Luxembourg	243.7	392.8	362.7	217.0	266.7
Czechia	599.2	754.2	631.1	534.1	532.3
France	189.4	213.7	183.3	173.6	177.1
Germany	376.1	425.7	390.4	339.7	312.7
Italy	341.4	447.3	423.3	398.5	388.5
Netherlands	237.6	269.9	278.8	249.9	255.2
Poland	336.0	398.3	332.4	287.6	320.5
Romania	212.2	226.0	217.9	206.5	212.3
Spain	246.8	274.0	262.8	266.2	283.9
Sweden	302.3	361.2	330.4	308.3	289.6
Other EU (27)	245.0	271.9	267.8	260.1	269.6
European Union (27)	293.7	346.1	318.8	289.0	290.7
Türkiye	350.4	393.7	380.8	443.2	443.6
United Kingdom	124.8	143.4	122.5	114.3	118.4
Others	198.2	209.6	198.8	203.2	215.1
Other Europe	241.1	270.0	254.8	281.5	285.5
Russia	290.6	302.7	288.3	309.1	303.6
Ukraine	104.8	109.4	54.9	93.4	95.0
Other CIS	103.3	96.4	73.3	113.3	108.3
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	196.4	200.1	177.7	208.6	203.2
Canada	362.9	399.4	347.2	331.9	329.4
Mexico	173.6	201.2	196.0	226.0	213.5
United States	238.3	288.1	279.4	266.3	260.6
Other North America	37.9	49.9	42.7	48.7	47.3
North America	200.6	238.7	228.1	227.0	220.7
Argentina	79.8	111.2	111.7	108.9	73.3
Brazil	100.6	122.9	109.3	110.8	119.3
Venezuela	3.2	3.4	5.6	6.7	8.8
Other South America	70.8	100.0	83.9	81.4	84.7
South America	82.0	106.2	94.2	93.8	95.5
Egypt	90.2	93.4	100.3	76.2	80.9
South Africa	63.8	84.5	69.2	72.8	70.6
Other Africa	19.5	19.6	15.8	18.6	18.5
Africa	27.0	28.2	24.6	25.3	25.4
Iran	197.1	207.4	215.4	219.2	224.8
Other Middle East	167.3	178.6	173.4	180.9	184.0
Middle East	176.9	187.8	186.7	193.0	196.7
China	707.9	669.3	649.9	634.9	601.1
India	64.0	75.5	82.0	93.0	102.6
Japan	420.2	460.7	443.6	433.4	419.0
South Korea	948.9	1 081.2	990.0	1 012.6	923.5
Taiwan, China	788.9	886.1	741.0	727.2	745.7
Other Asia	78.2	81.4	79.8	78.7	80.3
Asia	311.2	305.0	296.5	293.5	283.2
Oceania	139.8	164.0	161.8	162.2	153.2
World	228.4	233.1	223.1	221.1	214.7

Pig iron
2023 and 2024

million tonnes

	Production 2023	Production 2024		– Exports 2024	+ Imports 2024	= Apparent Consumption 2024
Austria	5.5	5.5		0.0	0.0	5.6
Belgium-Luxembourg	3.8	4.5	e	0.0	0.1	4.6
Czechia	2.7	2.0		0.0	0.1	2.0
Finland	2.2	2.2		0.0	0.0	2.2
France	6.2	6.5		0.1	0.1	6.6
Germany	23.6	24.3		0.1	0.3	24.5
Hungary	0.2	0.0		0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	3.1	2.2	e	0.0	1.3	3.5
Netherlands	4.1	5.6		0.3	0.4	5.7
Poland	2.7	3.4		0.1	0.2	3.6
Romania	0.6	0.4		0.0	0.0	0.4
Spain	3.0	3.4		0.0	0.3	3.7
Sweden	2.9	2.5		0.0	0.0	2.5
Other EU (27) ^e	3.6	3.1		0.2	0.2	3.2
European Union (27)	64.3	65.8		0.9	3.1	68.0
Türkiye	8.7	10.2		0.0	1.5	11.7
United Kingdom	4.5	3.0		0.1	0.0	2.9
Others	1.6	1.5	e	0.0	0.0	1.5
Other Europe	14.8	14.7		0.1	1.6	16.1
Kazakhstan	2.7	2.9	e	0.0	0.0	2.9
Russia	54.6	51.2		2.4	0.0	48.8
Ukraine	6.0	7.1		1.3	0.0	5.8
Other CIS	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.1	0.1
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	63.3	61.2		3.7	0.1	57.6
Canada	5.8	5.8		0.1	0.0	5.7
Mexico	1.0	0.5		0.0	0.2	0.6
United States	22.5	20.6	e	0.0	4.7	25.3
Other North America	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
North America	29.3	26.9		0.1	4.9	31.6
Argentina	2.0	1.8		0.0	0.0	1.8
Brazil	25.7	26.5		4.1	0.0	22.4
Chile	0.6	0.3		0.0	0.0	0.3
Other South America	0.3	0.3	e	0.0	0.0	0.3
South America	28.5	28.8		4.1	0.0	24.8
South Africa	2.9	2.7		0.2	0.0	2.5
Other Africa	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
Africa	3.2	3.0		0.2	0.1	2.9
Iran	3.5	3.6	e	0.1	0.0	3.5
Other Middle East	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
Middle East	3.5	3.6		0.5	0.8	3.9
China	872.1	851.7		0.0	0.3	852.0
India	86.3	90.0		0.3	0.2	89.9
Japan	63.0	61.0		0.1	0.0	60.9
South Korea	45.2	44.2		0.0	0.2	44.3
Taiwan, China	12.2	14.9		0.0	0.2	15.1
Other Asia	21.0	24.3	e	0.5	0.2	24.0
Asia	1 099.8	1 086.1		1.0	1.3	1 086.4
Australia	3.5	2.8		0.0	0.0	2.8
New Zealand	0.6	0.6		0.0	0.0	0.6
Other Oceania	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oceania	4.1	3.4		0.0	0.0	3.4
World	1 311.0	1 293.5		10.5	11.7	1 294.7

(e) = estimate

Direct reduced iron production
2020 to 2024

million tonnes

	2020	2021	2022	2023		2024
Germany	0.5	0.5	0.2	0.1		0.1	e
European Union (27)	0.5	0.5	0.2	0.1		0.1
Russia	7.8	7.8	7.7	7.8		8.0

Canada	1.2	1.6	1.5	1.6		1.6
Mexico	5.2	5.8	5.8	5.9		4.7
Trinidad and Tobago	1.3	1.6	1.4	1.4		1.4	e
United States	3.4	5.0	5.2	5.5		5.5	e
North America	11.0	14.1	14.0	14.3		13.2
Argentina	0.5	1.4	1.4	1.5		1.1
Venezuela	0.9	0.8	1.0	0.7		0.3
South America	1.4	2.2	2.4	2.2		1.4
Algeria	2.2	3.1	3.9	4.2		4.2	e
Egypt	4.8	5.4	6.0	7.2		7.1
Kenya ^e	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.5	e	0.5	e
Libya	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.6		1.7
South Africa ^e	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2		0.2
Uganda				1.0	e	1.0	e
Zambia ^e	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	e	0.1	e
Africa	8.2	9.7	11.5	14.8		14.8
Bahrain	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.6		1.7	e
Iran	30.8	30.4	32.9	33.4		34.1
Oman	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.6		1.6	e
Qatar	0.8	0.8	1.6	1.7		2.0
Saudi Arabia	5.2	6.1	6.7	6.8		6.9
United Arab Emirates	3.0	3.7	3.4	3.6		3.5
Middle East	42.8	44.2	47.9	48.8		49.9
China			0.2	0.5		1.2	e
India	33.6	39.0	42.3	49.6		54.8
Malaysia	0.7	0.4	0.8	0.8		0.8	e
Asia	34.4	39.4	43.3	50.8		56.8
World	106.2	117.9	127.0	138.7		144.1

(e) = estimate

Iron ore
2023

million tonnes, actual weight

	Production	– Exports	+ Imports =	=	Apparent Consumption
Austria	3.2	0.0	0.3		3.5
Belgium-Luxembourg	0.0	0.2	6.4		6.3
Czechia	0.0	0.0	4.1		4.1
France	0.0	0.1	8.5		8.5
Germany	0.9	1.2	35.4		35.1
Italy	0.0	0.0	4.5		4.5
Netherlands	0.0	18.9	25.3		6.3
Poland	0.0	0.1	4.0		3.9
Romania	0.0	0.1	0.9		0.8
Slovakia	0.0	0.0	5.4		5.4
Spain	0.0	0.1	4.7		4.6
Sweden	28.5	32.8	0.1		– 4.3
Other EU (27)	0.0	0.1	1.4		1.2
European Union (27)	32.6	53.5	100.8		79.9
Bosnia-Herzegovina	1.2	0.0	0.0		1.2
Norway	1.8	1.9	0.0		0.0
Türkiye	6.5	2.3	8.9		13.2
United Kingdom	0.0	0.0	3.1		3.1
Others	0.0	0.0	1.9		1.7
Other Europe	9.5	4.2	13.9		19.2
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	176.6	35.8	0.1		140.9
Canada	59.4	58.2	8.2		9.4
Mexico	10.2	1.6	2.8		11.4
United States	43.8	11.1	5.1		37.8
Other North America	0.1	0.2	1.9		1.8
North America	113.5	71.2	18.1		60.4
Brazil	418.0	408.0	0.4		10.4
Chile	17.4	7.6	0.4		10.2
Peru	20.3	8.3	0.0		12.0
Venezuela	1.2	0.7	0.0		0.4
Other South America	0.4	0.1	4.6		4.8
South America	457.2	424.8	5.4		37.8
Liberia	3.6	3.7	0.0		– 0.1
Mauritania	12.4	11.8	0.0		0.6
South Africa	65.8	59.4	0.0		6.4
Other Africa	18.7	10.0	12.7		21.3
Africa	100.5	85.0	12.7		28.2
Middle East	67.3	33.6	35.4		69.1
China ¹	298.3	21.5	1 180.3		1 457.2
India	278.0	43.8	4.7		238.8
Japan	0.0	0.0	102.2		102.2
South Korea	0.4	0.5	68.5		68.4
Other Asia	32.9	38.9	69.3		63.3
Asia	609.6	104.7	1 425.0		1 929.9
Australia	952.5	898.5	1.0		55.0
New Zealand and Other Oceania	2.6	0.8	0.3		2.1
Oceania	955.1	899.3	1.2		57.1
World	2 522.0	1 712.0	1 612.6		2 422.5

¹ Production adjusted so that Fe content is similar to world average.

World trade in iron ore by area
2024

million tonnes

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

Trade in ferrous scrap
2023 and 2024

million tonnes

	Exports		Imports
	2023	2024	2023	2024
Austria	1.2	1.2	1.1	0.9
Belgium	3.8	3.5	4.0	4.2
Bulgaria	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.1
Czechia	2.5	2.7	0.4	0.4
Finland	0.7	0.6	0.1	0.1
France	6.3	6.2	1.2	1.4
Germany	7.5	7.0	3.2	4.3
Greece	0.1	0.2	0.6	0.8
Italy	0.9	0.8	5.8	5.9
Netherlands	7.1	6.1	3.5	3.4
Poland	2.6	2.9	0.9	1.0
Slovakia	0.7	0.7	0.2	0.2
Spain	0.7	0.8	3.1	3.2
Sweden	1.8	1.4	0.2	0.2
Other EU	8.5	8.2	5.4	5.7
European Union (27)	44.8	42.6	30.1	31.7
Türkiye	0.2	0.2	18.8	21.6
United Kingdom	7.2	7.6	0.3	0.3
Others	2.0	2.1	1.0	1.2
Other Europe	9.4	9.9	20.1	23.2
Kazakhstan	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russia	0.9	1.1	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	0.2	0.3	0.0	0.0
Other CIS	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.3
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	1.2	1.4	0.2	0.3
Canada	4.8	4.9	0.8	0.8
Mexico	1.0	1.2	2.8	2.3
United States	16.3	14.9	5.1	4.7
Other North America	1.1	1.1	0.2	0.2
North America	23.1	22.1	8.8	8.0
Brazil	1.1	0.7	0.0	0.0
Other South America	1.6	1.5	0.9	1.0
South America	2.6	2.2	0.9	1.1
South Africa	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other Africa	1.5	1.1	1.3	1.6
Africa	1.6	1.1	1.4	1.6
Middle East	3.4	2.7	0.6	0.5
China	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.2
Japan	6.9	6.5	0.1	0.1
South Korea	0.4	0.4	3.8	2.2
Taiwan, China	0.1	0.1	3.4	3.0
Other Asia	3.8	3.8	27.4	25.0
Asia	11.2	10.8	35.2	30.4
Oceania	2.2	2.8	0.1	0.0
World	99.5	95.8	97.4	96.7

World trade in ferrous scrap by area 2024

million tonnes

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

World steel trade in products
1975 to 2024

Exports are of finished and semi-finished steel products. Production of finished steel, where not available from national sources, is calculated from crude steel production, taking into account the continuous casting ratio.

Year	Exports	Production	Exports %
1975	114.7	506.9	22.6
1980	140.6	578.7	24.3
1985	171.0	599.0	28.5
1990	171.0	654.0	26.2
1991	177.1	660.0	26.8
1992	196.1	658.4	29.8
1993	222.5	665.0	33.5
1994	238.6	656.2	36.4
1995	246.6	685.7	36.0
1996	236.4	687.5	34.4
1997	267.9	731.0	36.7
1998	268.7	714.2	37.6
1999	280.8	726.0	38.7
2000	307.5	784.2	39.2
2001	300.5	786.4	38.2
2002	318.0	837.6	38.0
2003	333.6	899.7	37.1
2004	368.3	986.7	37.3
2005	373.3	1 066.7	35.0
2006	418.5	1 163.0	36.0
2007	446.8	1 256.9	35.6
2008	438.5	1 252.2	35.0
2009	330.1	1 156.9	28.5
2010	392.7	1 338.8	29.3
2011	418.7	1 436.9	29.1
2012	416.0	1 459.7	28.5
2013	412.6	1 544.8	26.7
2014	457.4	1 566.3	29.2
2015	467.4	1 519.8	30.8
2016	476.8	1 527.8	31.2
2017	462.9	1 625.3	28.5
2018	457.9	1 711.9	26.8
2019	445.4	1 755.8	25.4
2020	404.6	1 762.2	23.0
2021	462.2	1 837.2	25.2
2022	401.6	1 769.4	22.7
2023	427.5	1 783.2	24.0
2024	449.2	1764.8	25.5

World volume of trade 2000 to 2024

World steel exports by product
2020 to 2024

million tonnes

	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Ingots and semi-finished material	55.7	61.1	44.6	53.1	54.6
Railway track material	2.6	2.8	2.6	3.1	3.2
Angles, shapes and sections	19.6	20.3	19.0	20.3	21.7
Concrete re-inforcing bars	19.2	22.0	15.4	15.5	17.7
Bars and rods, hot-rolled	12.8	15.3	12.7	12.3	12.0
Wire rod	25.2	29.0	25.5	22.8	23.8
Drawn wire	8.7	9.6	8.6	9.9	8.9
Other bars and rods	4.5	6.1	7.4	8.4	7.7
Hot-rolled strip	2.8	3.4	3.0	3.1	3.2
Cold-rolled strip	3.7	4.8	4.1	4.0	3.9
Hot-rolled sheets and coils	74.6	79.3	68.0	76.0	82.0
Plates	29.4	30.9	32.2	34.6	35.5
Cold-rolled sheets and coils	19.0	36.7	30.8	30.1	31.9
Electrical sheet and strip	3.9	5.1	5.2	4.5	4.6
Tinmill products	7.0	6.8	6.9	5.9	6.9
Galvanised sheet	37.0	45.3	38.4	41.0	43.2
Other coated sheet	18.1	20.2	16.5	18.3	21.2
Steel tubes and fittings	32.3	34.3	34.2	36.5	37.2
Wheels (forged and rolled) and axles	0.7	0.9	0.8	1.0	1.3
Castings	1.1	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.4
Forgings	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.1	0.9
Total	378.8	436.3	378.4	402.9	422.7

Exports data is reported by countries and therefore includes for example intra-EU trade, trade between USMCA countries, etc.

The figures are based on a broad definition of the steel industry and its products, including ingots, semi-finished products, hot-rolled and cold-finished products, tubes, wire, and unworked castings and forgings.

The above table comprises the exports of 62 countries, which represents approximately 94 per cent of total world trade in 2024.

World trade in steel by area
2024

million tonnes

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

Major importers and exporters of steel 2024

million tonnes

Rank	Total exports	Mt
1	China	117.1
2	Japan	31.2
3	South Korea	28.0
4	European Union (27) ¹	27.8
5	Germany ²	22.6
6	Türkiye	17.0
7	Belgium ²	15.4
8	Italy ²	15.0
9	Viet Nam	13.4
10	Russia	12.3
11	Indonesia	11.4
412	Iran	10.8
13	Brazil	10.3
14	France ²	9.8
15	India	9.7
16	Malaysia	9.4
17	Taiwan, China	9.2
18	United States	8.7
19	Netherlands ²	8.7
20	Spain ²	8.0

Rank	Total imports	Mt
1	European Union (27) ¹	42.8
2	United States	27.3
3	Türkiye	19.7
4	Italy ²	18.5
5	Germany ²	18.3
6	Mexico	17.6
7	Viet Nam	17.2
8	South Korea	14.2
9	Thailand	13.5
10	Indonesia	12.8
11	Belgium ²	11.9
12	Poland ²	11.5
13	India	11.5
14	France ²	11.2
15	United Arab Emirates	10.6
16	Spain ²	10.5
17	Canada	9.3
18	Taiwan, China	8.9
19	China	8.7
20	Netherlands ²	8.3

Rank	Net exports (exports – imports)	Mt
1	China	108.4
2	Japan	25.0
3	South Korea	13.8
4	Russia	9.8
5	Iran	9.0
6	Germany ²	4.3
7	Brazil	3.9
8	Belgium ²	3.5
9	Austria ²	3.5
10	Ukraine	3.4
11	Egypt	1.9
12	Oman	1.6
13	Luxembourg ²	1.5
14	Slovakia ²	1.5
15	Malaysia	1.3

Rank	Net imports (imports – exports)	Mt
1	United States	18.6
2	European Union (27) ¹	15.0
3	Mexico	14.3
4	Thailand	12.0
5	United Arab Emirates	8.6
6	Philippines	7.5
7	Poland ²	6.7
8	Iraq	5.0
9	Saudi Arabia	4.6
10	United Kingdom	4.1
11	Viet Nam	3.8
12	Czechia ²	3.6
13	Italy ²	3.5
14	Romania	3.2
15	Singapore	2.9

¹ Excluding intra-regional trade
² Data for individual European Union (27) countries include intra-European trade

Indirect trade in steel
2000 to 2019

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

Year	Indirect Exports, Mt
2000	172.1
2001	178.1
2002	187.8
2003	199.1
2004	224.0
2005	249.2
2006	269.5
2007	292.4
2008	303.6
2009	231.4
2010	285.4
2011	323.8
2012	324.1
2013	319.1
2014	324.5
2015	322.4
2016	329.8
2017	341.5
2018	354.6
2019	358.9

Indirect trade in steel takes place through exports and imports of steel-containing goods and is expressed in finished steel equivalent of products used.

An explanation of the methodology of indirect trade in steel can be found in the report ‘Indirect Trade in Steel (March 2015)’ at worldsteel.org/publications/bookshop/indirect-trade. Latest update: May 2021.

True steel use
2015 to 2019

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
France	17.1	18.4	19.0	19.1	19.7
Germany	28.8	31.0	30.3	28.4	27.9
Italy	18.8	18.5	19.5	20.2	20.2
Spain	10.8	10.3	11.0	11.6	12.3
European Union (27)	126.8	132.3	136.8	143.8	139.7
Türkiye	32.5	32.1	33.5	26.7	20.7
United Kingdom	16.5	17.1	16.9	16.8	16.2
Other Europe	56.7	57.0	58.3	51.7	45.0
Russia	43.8	43.5	46.9	47.1	49.8
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	52.0	52.7	57.7	58.4	62.0
Canada	18.6	18.6	19.1	19.3	18.2
Mexico	20.2	20.1	22.7	21.1	15.2
United States	118.9	115.4	122.2	127.1	125.7
USMCA	157.8	154.1	164.0	167.5	159.2
Brazil	22.6	19.2	19.4	21.2	21.3
Central and South America	47.0	39.9	41.9	42.5	41.5
Africa and Middle East	89.4	84.5	82.3	79.9	81.8
China	611.7	620.5	706.2	761.5	825.5
Japan	48.3	46.9	50.3	51.5	49.4
South Korea	39.7	41.6	41.7	41.3	40.5
Asia and Oceania	880.3	904.1	996.5	1 066.4	1 130.1
Total ¹	1 410.0	1 424.7	1 537.6	1 610.3	1 659.2

¹ The total comprises 74 countries.

True steel use (TSU) is obtained by subtracting net indirect exports of steel from apparent steel use (ASU). Total TSU is not equal to ASU because of differences in country coverage and methodological specifics of indirect trade in steel calculations.

Major indirect importers and exporters of steel, 2019

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

Rank	Indirect Exports	Mt
1	China	95.8
2	Germany*	32.9
3	Japan	21.7
4	United States	20.9
5	South Korea	17.9
6	Mexico	17.2
7	Italy*	13.3
8	Poland*	9.9
9	Spain*	9.5
10	Türkiye	8.6

Rank	Indirect Imports	Mt
1	United States	49.0
2	Germany*	25.7
3	France*	13.8
4	United Kingdom	11.9
5	Canada	11.6
6	China	9.4
7	Belgium-Luxembourg*	8.8
8	Russia	8.8
9	Spain*	8.5
10	Italy*	8.5

Rank	Net Indirect Exports (exports-imports)	Mt
1	China	86.4
2	Japan	13.9
3	South Korea	12.7
4	Mexico	9.1
5	Germany*	7.2

Rank	Net Indirect Imports (imports-exports)	Mt
1	United States	28.1
2	Russia	6.3
3	United Kingdom	6.0
4	Canada	5.2
5	France*	5.1

* – Data for individual European Union (27) countries include intra-European trade

Apparent and true steel use per capita, 2019

Steel use by sector

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Notation used in this publication:

e	indicates a figure that has been estimated.
0.0	indicates that the quantity concerned is less than 0.05.
–	indicates zero or no data.

	all commodities	steel-containing manufactured goods	steel
2000	100.0	100.0	100.0
2001	96.2	103.2	97.7
2002	100.9	110.0	103.4
2003	117.7	116.9	108.5
2004	142.4	131.0	119.8
2005	161.9	145.8	121.4
2006	186.5	156.8	136.1
2007	216.0	168.4	145.3
2008	250.6	175.0	142.6
2009	191.1	134.4	107.4
2010	234.5	165.7	127.7
2011	280.2	187.4	136.2
2012	282.8	187.0	135.3
2013	288.6	184.0	134.2
2014	290.4	187.1	148.8
2015	253.8	185.9	152.0
2016	247.1	191.1	155.1
2017	272.6	197.3	150.5
2018	299.8	202.5	148.7
2019	291.5	207.5	142.7
2020	269.5		131.9
2021	342.1		149.3
2022	382.7		131.1
2023	364.7		141.2

2019	True steel use per capita	Apparent steel use per capita
Brazil	101	99
Mexico	119	191
United Kingdom	240	152
Turkey	248	313
Spain	263	283
France	302	224
Italy	333	413
Germany	334	421
Russia	341	298
United States	382	297
Japan	389	498
Canada	487	347
China	576	636
South Korea	790	1039