World Steel in Figures 2026

Foreword

Steel is strong, durable and can be recycled repeatedly without losing its inherent properties. It is powering modern life and is woven into nearly every part of our society.

Steel drives economic growth and supports jobs in the regions where it is produced. It is one of the world’s most essential materials today and will remain fundamental to the future.

One of the World Steel Association’s (worldsteel) core roles is collecting data directly from steel producers across our global membership, ensuring that our data and publications are trusted sources on various aspects of the use of steel.

World Steel in Figures provides a comprehensive overview of the latest dynamics of the industry, covering data on top steel-producing companies and countries, demand, production processes and trade.

This publication also includes the latest data from our sustainability indicators, from GHG emissions to safety and health, and education and training – reflecting our commitment to sustainable steel for a sustainable world.

I hope you enjoy reading it. Please don’t hesitate to contact worldsteel with any questions or comments.

Best wishes,

Dr Edwin Basson
Director General

Sustainability Indicators of the steel industry

2024 global steel industry performance across 19 key areas:

Environmental performance

1A. GHG emissions intensity

2.18 tonnes of CO₂e emitted per tonne of crude steel

1B. CO₂ emissions intensity

1.92 tonnes of CO₂ emitted per tonne of crude steel

2. Energy intensity

20.95 GJ of energy consumed per tonne of crude steel

3. Material efficiency

92.79% of steel industry raw materials converted into steel products or co-products

4. Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

96.08% of employees and contractors worked in EMS-registered facilities

5. Renewable energy consumption

1.94% of total energy consumed using renewable energy

6. SO_X emissions intensity

0.64kg of SO_X emitted per tonne of crude steel

7. NO_X emissions intensity

0.66 kg of NO_X emitted per tonne of crude steel

8. Dust emissions intensity

0.32kg PM of dust emitted per tonne of crude steel

9. Fresh water withdrawal

8.50m³ of fresh water withdrawn per tonne of crude steel

10. Fresh water consumption

2.30m³ of fresh water consumed per tonne of crude steel

Social performance

11. Lost time injury frequency rate (LTIFR)

0.68 injuries per million hours worked (employees & contractors, 2025 data)

12. Employee training

6.77 days training/year received per employee

13. Women in workforce

11.44% of the workforce were women

14. Women on the the board

14.06% of board members were women

15. Community investment

0.08% of revenue invested back into the community

Economic performance

16. Investment in new processes and products

8.31% of its revenue invested in new processes and products

17. Economic Value Distributed (EVD)

100.68% of its revenue distributed to society

Governance performance

18. Supply chain assessment

79.72% of the steel supply chain were active input-material suppliers

19. Employee education on business ethics

88.07% of employees provided with training on business ethics

In 2025, the scope of our indicators was expanded from 8 to 19, covering a broader range of material topics relevant to the steel industry and bridging the gap between the Sustainability Principles and performance reporting.

Data was collected in 2025 from 93 steel companies and associations worldwide, representing 959.5 million tonnes, or 51% of global crude steel production. Among these companies, 75 organisations voluntarily reported on one or more of the 19 indicators.

For further details on the definitions and relevance of each indicator, please consult:

Sustainability Indicators report 2025
Safety and health in the steel industry: Data report 2026

Highlights

Crude steel production 2000 – 2025

Apparent steel use per capita

Globally, 209 kg of steel was used in new products per person in 2025.

Crude steel production by process

Based on 2024 activity data.

World crude steel production
1950 to 2025

million tonnes, crude steel production

Years	World
1950	189
1955	270
1960	347
1965	456
1970	595
1975	644
1980	717
1985	719
1990	770
1995	753

Years	World
2000	850
2005	1 148
2010	1 435
2011	1 540
2012	1 563
2013	1 654
2014	1 676
2015	1 626
2016	1 634

Years	World
2017	1 738
2018	1 831
2019	1 879
2020	1 883
2021	1 963
2022	1 889
2023	1 904
2024	1 887
2025	1 849

Average Growth Rates % per annum
Years	World
1950-55	7.4
1955-60	5.1
1960-65	5.6
1965-70	5.5
1970-75	1.6
1975-80	2.2
1980-85	0.1
1985-90	1.4
1990-95	-0.5
1995-00	2.5
2000-05	6.2
2005-10	4.6
2010-15	2.5
2015-20	3.0
2020-25	-0.4

Top 50 steel-producing companies 2025

million tonnes, crude steel production

2025 Rank	Company	Tonnage
1	China Baowu Group	124.76
2	ArcelorMittal ¹	63.43
3	Nippon Steel Corporation ²	57.78
4	Ansteel Group	57.61
5	HBIS Group	42.49
6	Shagang Group	39.10
7	Jianlong Group	38.02
8	POSCO Holdings	37.36
9	Delong Steel	32.03
10	Tata Steel Group	30.46
11	JSW Steel Limited	30.28
12	Shougang Group	30.23
13	Jingye Group	23.91
14	JFE Steel Corporation	22.69
15	Hunan Steel Group	22.60
16	Nucor Corporation	22.33
17	Liuzhou Steel	21.51
18	SAIL	19.44
19	Shandong Steel Group	18.26
20	Hyundai Steel	17.95
21	Fangda Steel	17.90
22	Cleveland-Cliffs	17.06
23	Rizhao Steel	17.04
24	Techint Group ³	16.30
25	Tsingshan Holding	16.00

2025 Rank	Company	Tonnage
26	CITIC Pacific	15.82
27	Baotou Steel	15.73
28	Shenglong Metallurgy	14.99
29	Jinan Steel	14.75
30	NLMK	13.33
31	Gerdau S.A.	13.03
32	Tosyali Holding	12.11
33	Sinogiant Group	11.99
34	China Steel Corporation	11.57
35	Nanjing Steel	11.35
36	Anyang Steel ^e	11.00
37	Zenith Steel	10.95
38	Hoa Phat Steel	10.87
39	Severstal	10.83
40	Steel Dynamics, Inc.	10.70
41	Sanming Steel	10.60
42	Puyang Steel	10.52
43	Mobarakeh Steel Company	10.29
44	MMK	10.16
45	Donghua Steel	9.70
46	Shaanxi Steel	9.44
47	thyssenkrupp	9.41
48	Jindal Steel Limited	8.71
49	Jiuquan Steel	8.49
50	EVRAZ	8.38

e Estimate

¹ Includes 60% AM/NS India
² Includes United States Steel Corporation, Sanyo Special Steel, Ovako, 40% AM/NS India and 22% USIMINAS
³ Includes USIMINAS

Notes on company ownership and tonnage calculations:
For worldsteel members, the data was sourced from their official tonnage declarations. In case of more than 50% ownership, 100% of the subsidiary’s tonnage is included, unless specified otherwise. In cases of 30%-50% ownership, pro-rata tonnage is included. Unless otherwise specified in the declaration, less than 30% ownership is considered a minority and therefore, not included. Figures represent ownership ending 31 December 2025.

For an extended company listing, go to https://worldsteel.org/data/top-producers.

Major steel-producing countries
2024 and 2025

million tonnes, crude steel production

Country	2025		2024
Country	Rank	Tonnage	Rank	Tonnage
China	1	960.8	1	1 005.1
India	2	164.9	2	149.4
United States	3	81.9	4	79.5
Japan	4	80.7	3	84.0
Russia	5	67.9	5	71.0
South Korea	6	62.2	6	63.6
Türkiye	7	38.1	8	36.9
Germany	8	34.1	7	37.3
Brazil	9	33.4	9	33.9
Iran	10	32.0	10	31.4
Viet Nam	11	24.7	11	22.0
Italy	12	20.7	12	20.0
Indonesia ^e	13	19.0	14	18.6
Taiwan, China	14	17.2	13	19.2
Mexico	15	13.5	15	14.3
Spain	16	11.8	17	11.9
Canada	17	11.5	16	12.3
Saudi Arabia	18	10.8	20	9.6
Egypt	19	10.6	19	10.7
France	20	9.9	18	10.8
Malaysia	21	7.7	21	9.0
Austria	22	7.6	24	7.1
Ukraine	23	7.4	22	7.6
Belgium	24	7.2	23	7.1
Poland	25	7.2	25	7.1
Netherlands	26	6.5	26	6.4
Algeria	27	5.5	30	4.5
Australia	28	5.2	29	4.7
Thailand	29	5.1	27	4.9
Bangladesh ^e	30	4.5	31	4.5
South Africa	31	4.5	28	4.7
Kazakhstan	32	4.3	32	4.2
Argentina	33	4.0	37	3.9
Sweden	34	4.0	34	4.0
United Arab Emirates	35	3.8	38	3.7
Finland	36	3.7	39	3.7
Slovakia	37	3.6	36	3.9
Pakistan	38	3.6	33	4.1
Iraq	39	3.0	41	3.0
Oman	40	3.0	40	3.0
United Kingdom	41	2.6	35	4.0
Czechia	42	2.5	42	2.5
Portugal	43	2.1	44	1.9
Luxembourg	44	1.8	46	1.8
Belarus ^e	45	1.8	43	2.3
Kenya ^e	46	1.8	47	1.8
Philippines ^e	47	1.8	45	1.8
Qatar	48	1.7	58	1.2
Peru	49	1.6	48	1.5
Morocco	50	1.5	49	1.4
Others		22.5		23.8
World		1 848.9		1 886.8

e – Estimate

Crude steel production by process 2025

	Million tonnes	Oxygen %	Electric %	Other %	Total %
Austria	7.6	93.6	6.4	–	100.0
Belgium ^e	7.2	74.0	26.0	–	100.0
Bulgaria	0.5	–	100.0	–	100.0
Czechia	2.5	96.3	3.7	–	100.0
Finland	3.7	64.4	35.6	–	100.0
France ^e	9.9	63.6	36.4	–	100.0
Germany	34.1	69.4	30.6	–	100.0
Greece	1.3	–	100.0	–	100.0
Italy ^e	20.7	9.9	90.1	–	100.0
Luxembourg	1.8	–	100.0	–	100.0
Netherlands	6.5	100.0	–	–	100.0
Poland	7.2	45.0	55.0	–	100.0
Portugal	2.1	–	100.0	–	100.0
Romania ^e	0.8	4.1	95.9	–	100.0
Slovakia ^e	3.6	90.0	10.0	–	100.0
Slovenia	0.6	–	100.0	–	100.0
Spain	11.8	28.3	71.7	–	100.0
Sweden	4.0	66.9	33.1	–	100.0
European Union (27)	126.0	54.2	45.8	–	100.0
Türkiye	38.1	27.8	72.2	–	100.0
United Kingdom	2.6	59.2	40.8	–	100.0
Others ^e	3.9	41.3	58.7	–	100.0
Other Europe	44.6	30.8	69.2	–	100.0
Russia ^e	67.9	64.9	33.0	2.2	100.0
Ukraine	7.4	50.0	6.6	43.4	100.0
Other CIS ^e	7.9	51.5	47.2	1.3	100.0
Russia & Other CIS + Ukraine	83.2	62.3	32.0	5.8	100.0
Canada	11.5	55.1	44.9	–	100.0
Mexico	13.5	4.1	95.9	–	100.0
United States ^e	81.9	28.7	71.3	–	100.0
Other North America ^e	0.5	–	100.0	–	100.0
North America	107.4	28.3	71.7	–	100.0
Argentina	4.0	53.7	46.3	–	100.0
Brazil	33.4	76.0	22.9	1.1	100.0
Chile	0.5	–	100.0	–	100.0
Venezuela	0.0	–	100.0	–	100.0
Other South America ^e	3.5	7.1	92.9	–	100.0
South America	41.5	67.0	32.1	0.9	100.0
Egypt	10.6	–	100.0	–	100.0
South Africa	4.5	50.5	49.5	–	100.0
Other Africa ^e	14.6	6.8	93.1	0.0	100.0
Africa	29.8	11.0	89.0	0.0	100.0
Iran ^e	32.0	8.1	91.9	–	100.0
Saudi Arabia	10.8	–	100.0	–	100.0
Other Middle East ^e	14.5	–	100.0	–	100.0
Middle East	57.3	4.5	95.5	–	100.0
China ^e	960.8	89.4	10.6	–	100.0
India	164.9	42.3	57.7	–	100.0
Japan	80.7	74.2	25.8	–	100.0
South Korea	62.2	73.0	27.0	–	100.0
Taiwan, China	17.2	60.3	39.7	–	100.0
Other Asia ^e	67.5	54.8	45.1	0.1	100.0
Asia	1 353.4	79.9	20.1	0.0	100.0
Australia	5.2	75.6	24.4	–	100.0
New Zealand	0.6	100.0	–	–	100.0
Total of above countries	1 848.9	69.4	30.3	0.3	100.0

The countries in this table accounted for approximately 100% of world crude steel production in 2025.

e – Estimate

Continuously-cast steel output
2023 to 2025

	Million tonnes			% Crude steel output
	2023	2024	2025	2023	2024	2025
Austria ^e	6.9	6.9	7.3	96.7	96.5	96.5
Belgium	5.9	7.1	7.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
Bulgaria	0.5	0.5	0.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
Croatia	0.2	0.2	–	100.0	100.0	–
Czechia	3.3	2.5	2.4	97.7	97.3	97.5
Finland	3.8	3.6	3.7	99.5	99.5	99.5
France ^e	9.7	10.5	9.6	97.0	97.2	97.2
Germany ^e	34.6	36.6	33.4	97.7	98.0	98.0
Greece	1.2	1.3	1.3	100.0	100.0	100.0
Hungary ^e	0.5	0.2	–	100.0	100.0	–
Italy ^e	20.0	19.0	19.7	95.0	94.8	94.9
Luxembourg	1.9	1.8	1.8	100.0	100.0	100.0
Netherlands	4.7	6.4	6.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
Poland	6.3	7.0	7.1	98.4	98.7	98.6
Portugal	2.0	1.9	2.1	100.0	100.0	100.0
Romania ^e	1.6	1.3	0.8	96.5	96.4	96.5
Slovakia	4.4	3.9	3.6	100.0	100.0	100.0
Slovenia	0.4	0.5	0.5	79.5	83.2	82.3
Spain	11.3	11.6	11.5	98.8	97.3	97.4
Sweden ¹ ^e	3.7	3.5	3.5	86.9	87.0	87.5
European Union (27)	122.8	126.2	122.6	97.2	97.3	97.3
Türkiye	33.7	36.9	38.1	100.0	100.0	100.0
United Kingdom	5.6	4.0	2.5	99.3	99.5	99.5
Others ^e	4.2	4.0	3.9	100.0	99.9	100.0
Other Europe	43.5	44.9	44.5	99.9	99.9	100.0
Russia ^e	64.5	59.5	56.9	84.9	83.8	83.8
Ukraine	3.7	4.6	4.1	59.2	60.6	55.5
Other CIS ^e	8.1	8.3	7.8	99.2	99.3	99.2
Russia & Other CIS + Ukraine	76.4	72.4	68.8	84.4	83.3	82.7
Canada	11.0	10.9	10.1	90.1	89.1	88.4
Mexico	16.4	14.3	13.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
United States	81.1	79.2	81.7	99.7	99.7	99.7
Other North America ^e	0.5	0.5	0.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
North America	109.0	105.0	105.8	98.7	98.5	98.5
Argentina	4.9	3.8	4.0	99.7	99.6	99.7
Brazil	31.5	33.7	33.3	98.2	99.5	99.6
Chile	1.2	0.8	0.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
Venezuela	0.0	0.0	0.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other South America ^e	3.5	3.4	3.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
South America	41.0	41.8	41.3	98.6	99.6	99.6
Egypt	10.4	10.7	10.6	100.0	100.0	100.0
South Africa	5.0	4.7	4.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other Africa ^e	11.8	13.4	14.6	100.0	100.0	100.0
Africa	27.1	28.8	29.8	100.0	100.0	100.0
Iran	30.7	31.4	32.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Saudi Arabia	9.9	9.6	10.8	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other Middle East ^e	13.5	13.9	14.5	100.0	100.0	100.0
Middle East	54.2	54.8	57.3	100.0	100.0	100.0
China ^e	1 012.3	989.0	944.7	98.4	98.4	98.3
India	132.7	140.5	155.1	94.3	94.1	94.1
Japan ^e	86.2	83.3	80.0	99.1	99.1	99.1
South Korea	65.4	62.6	61.1	98.1	98.4	98.2
Taiwan, China	19.1	19.2	17.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other Asia ^e	61.8	65.8	67.0	99.4	99.2	99.3
Asia	1 377.6	1 360.4	1 325.2	98.1	98.0	97.9
Australia	5.3	4.7	5.2	100.0	100.0	100.0
New Zealand	0.6	0.6	0.6	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total of above countries	1 857.4	1 839.6	1 801.2	97.5	97.5	97.4

The countries in this table accounted for approximately 100% of world crude steel production in 2025.
e – Estimate
¹ – Continuously-cast steel includes steel powders

Monthly crude steel production
2022 to 2025

million tonnes

Total 70 reporting countries*

million tonnes

North America

European Union (27)

South America

Russia and other CIS (2) + Ukraine

Japan

* The 70 reporting countries:
Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Czechia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen

In 2025, these 70 countries accounted for approximately 98% of world crude steel production.

China

Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2015

Others comprise:

Africa	0.9%	South America	2.7%
Middle East	1.9%	Australia and New Zealand	0.4%

Others comprise:

Africa	2.6%	South America	2.7%
Middle East	3.6%	Australia and New Zealand	0.5%

Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2025

Others comprise:

Africa	1.6%	South America	2.2%
Middle East	3.1%	Australia and New Zealand	0.3%

Others comprise:

Africa	2.6%	South America	2.6%
Middle East	3.6%	Australia and New Zealand	0.4%

Apparent steel use
2021 to 2025

million tonnes, finished steel products

	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Austria	4.5	4.1	3.1	2.9	3.1
Belgium-Luxembourg	4.8	4.5	2.7	3.3	4.5
Czechia	7.9	6.6	5.6	5.5	5.6
France	13.8	11.8	11.2	11.5	9.9
Germany	35.5	32.5	28.3	26.5	29.2
Italy	26.5	25.0	23.2	22.9	23.8
Netherlands	4.7	4.9	4.1	4.4	4.8
Poland	15.3	13.2	11.8	13.0	13.3
Romania	4.4	4.3	4.1	4.2	4.3
Spain	13.0	12.5	12.7	13.5	13.3
Sweden	3.8	3.5	3.3	2.9	2.9
Other EU (27)	19.9	19.7	19.1	19.9	20.4
European Union (27)	154.1	142.6	129.2	130.5	135.2
Türkiye	33.4	32.5	38.0	38.3	39.3
United Kingdom	9.7	8.6	8.1	9.2	9.7
Others	6.8	6.5	6.6	7.0	7.5
Other Europe	49.9	47.6	52.7	54.5	56.4
Russia	43.9	41.7	44.6	43.7	37.6
Ukraine	4.8	2.2	3.4	3.6	4.1
Other CIS	10.2	7.8	12.3	11.9	11.9
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	58.8	51.7	60.3	59.2	53.6
Canada	15.2	13.4	12.9	12.9	12.6
Mexico	25.5	25.0	29.0	27.8	25.0
United States	97.2	94.5	90.5	89.1	90.9
Other North America	4.8	4.1	4.7	4.6	5.4
North America	142.7	137.0	137.2	134.4	133.9
Argentina	5.0	5.1	5.0	3.4	4.0
Brazil	26.3	23.5	24.0	26.1	26.8
Venezuela	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Other South America	14.6	12.1	11.9	12.4	14.0
South America	46.1	40.9	41.1	42.2	45.0
Egypt	10.2	10.5	9.2	10.1	10.0
South Africa	5.0	4.1	4.3	4.4	4.4
Other Africa	24.0	20.6	25.1	26.2	30.6
Africa	39.2	35.3	38.6	40.7	45.0
Iran	18.2	19.1	19.5	20.2	20.3
Other Middle East	33.4	34.0	36.0	39.4	41.6
Middle East	51.6	53.1	55.5	59.6	61.8
China	954.4	926.7	905.1	856.6	796.0
India	106.2	116.1	132.8	147.9	159.8
Japan	55.4	53.0	51.6	49.7	48.0
South Korea	56.0	51.3	52.4	47.8	43.6
Taiwan, China	21.1	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4
Other Asia	98.3	97.3	97.2	103.6	115.1
Asia	1 291.5	1 261.9	1 256.5	1 223.0	1 179.8
Oceania	7.3	7.3	7.4	7.1	7.5
World	1 841.2	1 777.4	1 778.5	1 751.1	1 718.2

Apparent steel use per capita
2021 to 2025

kilograms, finished steel products

	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Austria	501.5	452.6	338.3	323.2	341.2
Belgium-Luxembourg	394.1	362.9	216.4	265.9	362.8
Czechia	752.8	620.5	518.5	510.7	528.0
France	208.7	178.7	169.2	172.7	149.2
Germany	424.2	387.0	334.9	312.9	347.1
Italy	443.7	419.2	389.5	385.3	401.8
Netherlands	266.5	273.5	226.8	243.3	260.5
Poland	401.1	345.1	304.4	337.3	348.9
Romania	227.0	223.5	214.8	219.0	229.3
Spain	272.5	261.4	264.0	281.4	278.1
Sweden	362.9	332.3	310.1	273.1	276.8
Other EU (27)	271.1	267.9	260.5	271.9	279.6
European Union (27)	344.1	317.6	286.6	289.7	301.2
Türkiye	385.0	373.6	435.8	437.6	447.8
United Kingdom	143.3	126.7	117.7	133.2	138.9
Others	213.9	202.5	206.3	218.3	234.6
Other Europe	267.9	254.5	280.5	288.8	298.2
Russia	301.2	286.6	307.0	301.8	261.0
Ukraine	107.5	53.1	91.2	95.9	105.3
Other CIS	94.9	72.0	111.3	106.7	105.5
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	198.0	175.2	205.8	201.4	181.2
Canada	396.3	343.9	327.5	324.1	314.3
Mexico	199.7	194.3	223.8	212.3	189.3
United States	285.8	276.8	263.6	257.8	261.7
Other North America	50.3	43.0	49.1	47.7	55.6
North America	237.5	226.6	225.3	219.1	216.9
Argentina	111.2	112.0	109.5	73.8	86.4
Brazil	125.7	111.9	113.6	123.2	125.9
Venezuela	3.4	5.6	6.8	9.1	8.8
Other South America	100.6	82.8	80.5	83.2	92.9
South America	107.6	95.0	94.9	96.8	102.8
Egypt	91.9	93.3	80.2	86.8	84.3
South Africa	81.6	66.5	68.4	69.2	68.5
Other Africa	19.4	16.3	19.3	19.8	22.5
Africa	27.9	24.5	26.2	27.0	29.2
Iran	206.2	213.0	215.7	220.5	219.1
Other Middle East	178.4	176.7	181.5	193.5	199.8
Middle East	187.3	188.3	192.3	201.9	205.7
China	669.1	650.2	636.2	603.5	562.1
India	75.1	81.5	92.4	102.0	109.2
Japan	440.6	423.8	415.2	401.3	389.5
South Korea	1 080.9	990.6	1 013.3	924.0	843.7
Taiwan, China	897.4	742.9	744.7	749.5	751.4
Other Asia	80.7	79.1	78.2	82.6	90.8
Asia	303.2	294.8	292.0	282.9	271.5
Oceania	164.1	161.5	162.1	153.5	159.9
World	231.7	221.8	220.0	214.8	209.0

Pig iron
2024 and 2025

million tonnes

	Production 2024	Production 2025		– Exports 2025	+ Imports 2025	= Apparent Consumption 2025
Austria	5.5	5.9		0.0	0.0	5.9
Belgium-Luxembourg	4.5	5.0	e	0.0	0.1	5.1
Czechia	2.0	2.0		0.0	0.0	2.0
Finland	2.2	2.3		0.0	0.0	2.3
France	6.5	5.6	e	0.1	0.1	5.6
Germany	24.3	21.9		0.2	0.2	21.9
Italy	2.0	2.0	e	0.0	1.6	3.6
Netherlands	5.6	5.6		0.3	0.4	5.7
Poland	3.4	2.9		0.0	0.1	3.0
Romania	0.4	0.0		0.0	0.0	0.1
Spain	3.4	3.1		0.0	0.4	3.4
Sweden	2.5	2.7		0.0	0.0	2.7
Other EU (27) ^e	3.1	2.9		0.1	0.2	2.9
European Union (27)	65.5	61.8		0.8	3.3	64.3
Türkiye	10.2	9.7		0.0	2.3	12.0
United Kingdom	3.0	1.6		0.0	0.0	1.6
Others	1.5	1.4	e	0.0	0.0	1.4
Other Europe	14.6	12.7		0.1	2.4	15.0
Kazakhstan	2.9	2.9	e	0.0	0.0	2.9
Russia	51.2	50.4		3.2	0.0	47.3
Ukraine	7.1	7.9		2.0	0.0	5.9
Other CIS	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	61.2	61.2		5.2	0.0	56.1
Canada	5.8	5.7		0.2	0.0	5.5
Mexico	0.5	0.5		0.0	0.1	0.6
United States	20.5	21.4	e	0.0	5.3	26.6
Other North America	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.1	0.1
North America	26.8	27.6		0.2	5.4	32.8
Argentina	1.8	1.8		0.0	0.0	1.8
Brazil	26.5	26.3		4.1	0.0	22.2
Chile	0.3	0.0		0.0	0.0	0.0
Other South America	0.3	0.3	e	0.0	0.0	0.3
South America	28.8	28.3		4.1	0.0	24.3
South Africa	2.7	2.4		0.8	0.0	1.7
Other Africa	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
Africa	3.0	2.7		0.8	0.2	2.1
Iran	3.6	3.7	e	0.0	0.0	3.6
Other Middle East	0.0	0.0	e	0.0	0.0	0.0
Middle East	3.6	3.7		0.4	0.8	4.0
China	851.7	836.0		0.0	0.3	836.3
India	90.0	95.6		0.6	0.3	95.2
Japan	61.0	58.5		0.2	0.0	58.3
South Korea	44.2	43.7		0.0	0.2	43.9
Taiwan, China	14.9	9.4		0.0	0.4	9.7
Other Asia	24.6	25.9	e	0.2	0.4	26.0
Asia	1 086.4	1 069.0		1.1	1.5	1 069.5
Australia	2.8	3.5		0.0	0.0	3.5
New Zealand	0.6	0.6		0.0	0.0	0.6
Other Oceania	0.0	0.0		0.0	0.9	0.9
Oceania	3.4	4.1	e	0.0	0.9	4.9
World	1 293.4	1 271.2		12.7	14.4	1 273.0

(e) = Estimate

Direct reduced iron production
2021 to 2025

million tonnes

	2021	2022	2023	2024		2025
Germany	0.5	0.2	0.1	0.1		0.1	e
European Union (27)	0.5	0.2	0.1	0.1		0.1
Russia	7.8	7.7	7.8	8.0		8.2
Canada	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.6		1.5
Mexico	5.8	5.8	5.9	4.7		5.2
Trinidad and Tobago	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.5		1.5	e
United States	5.0	5.2	5.5	5.2		5.3	e
North America	14.1	14.0	14.3	13.0		13.5
Argentina	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.1		0.7
Venezuela	0.8	1.0	0.7	0.5		0.3
South America	2.2	2.4	2.2	1.6		1.0
Algeria	3.1	3.9	4.2	4.6		5.0	e
Egypt	5.4	6.0	7.2	7.1		6.6
Kenya ^e	0.1	0.3	0.5	1.0	e	1.0	e
Libya	0.9	1.1	1.6	1.7		1.7
South Africa ^e	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2		0.1
Tanzania ^e				0.2	^e	0.2	^e
Uganda ^e			1.0	1.5	e	1.5	e
Zambia ^e	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	e	0.1	e
Zimbabwe ^e				0.1	^e	0.1	^e
Africa	9.7	11.5	14.8	16.5		16.3
Bahrain	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.5		1.5	e
Iran	30.4	32.9	33.4	34.3		37.2
Oman	1.7	1.8	1.6	2.0		2.0	e
Qatar	0.8	1.6	1.7	2.0		2.5
Saudi Arabia	6.1	6.7	6.8	6.9		6.6
United Arab Emirates	3.7	3.4	3.6	3.5		3.4
Middle East	44.2	47.9	48.8	50.2		53.2
China		0.2	0.5	1.2		1.3	e
India	39.0	42.3	49.6	54.8		58.9
Malaysia	0.4	0.8	0.8	0.4		0.4
Asia	39.4	43.3	50.8	56.5		60.6
World	117.9	127.0	138.7	145.8		153.0

(e) = Estimate

Iron ore
2024

million tonnes, actual weight

	Production	– Exports	+ Imports	= Apparent Consumption
Austria	3.2	0.0	4.6	7.8
Belgium-Luxembourg	0.0	0.0	6.4	6.4
Czechia	0.0	0.0	2.8	2.8
France	0.0	0.1	9.9	9.8
Germany	2.3	1.2	34.9	35.9
Italy	0.0	0.0	3.3	3.3
Netherlands	0.0	18.6	29.1	10.5
Poland	0.0	0.0	5.1	5.1
Romania	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.6
Slovakia	0.0	0.0	4.7	4.7
Spain	0.2	0.0	4.8	5.0
Sweden	24.6	20.0	0.1	4.7
Other EU (27)	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1
European Union (27)	30.3	40.0	106.4	96.7
Bosnia-Herzegovina	1.0	0.0	0.0	1.0
Norway	1.8	1.9	0.1	0.0
Türkiye	7.6	2.2	10.0	15.4
United Kingdom	0.0	0.0	1.9	1.9
Others	0.0	0.0	1.4	1.4
Other Europe	10.4	4.1	13.3	19.7
Russia & other CIS + Ukraine	208.7	52.1	0.2	156.8
Canada	70.0	60.9	8.0	17.1
Mexico	29.2	0.8	0.9	29.3
United States	45.1	10.2	3.1	38.0
Other North America	0.4	0.6	2.1	2.0
North America	144.7	72.5	14.2	86.4
Brazil	449.2	389.2	0.0	60.0
Chile	15.1	15.3	0.3	0.0
Peru	15.2	21.8	0.0	– 6.6
Venezuela	2.7	2.3	0.0	0.4
Other South America	0.5	0.1	4.5	4.8
South America	482.5	428.7	4.8	58.6
Liberia	3.8	3.4	0.0	0.4
Mauritania	9.5	13.2	0.0	– 3.7
South Africa	65.3	61.2	0.0	4.1
Other Africa	10.6	10.5	16.2	16.3
Africa	89.2	88.3	16.2	17.1
Middle East	67.7	45.9	39.3	61.1
China ¹	300.1	24.6	1 238.2	1 513.7
India	282.4	35.9	5.2	251.7
Japan	0.0	0.0	96.4	96.4
South Korea	0.5	0.4	69.5	69.6
Other Asia	30.7	44.0	84.8	71.6
Asia	613.7	104.8	1 494.0	2 003.0
Australia	953.9	901.6	1.0	53.2
New Zealand and Other	3.5	2.5	0.0	1.0
Oceania	3.5	904.2	1.0	54.2
World	2 604.5	1 740.5	1 689.5	2 553.6

¹ Production adjusted so that Fe content is similar to world average.
Source: RMG Consulting.

World trade in iron ore by area
2025

million tonnes

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

Trade in ferrous scrap
2024 and 2025

million tonnes

	Exports		Imports
	2024	2025	2024	2025
Austria	1.2	1.3	0.9	1.0
Belgium	3.5	3.8	4.2	3.9
Bulgaria	0.4	0.4	0.1	0.2
Czechia	2.7	2.7	0.4	0.4
Finland	0.6	0.7	0.1	0.1
France	6.2	5.8	1.4	1.4
Germany	7.0	7.6	4.3	3.9
Greece	0.2	0.1	0.8	0.8
Italy	0.8	0.6	5.9	6.5
Netherlands	6.1	6.0	3.4	3.6
Poland	2.9	2.4	1.0	1.1
Slovakia	0.7	0.7	0.2	0.1
Spain	0.8	0.5	3.2	3.3
Sweden	1.4	1.4	0.2	0.2
Other EU	8.2	8.3	5.7	5.0
European Union (27)	42.6	42.4	31.7	31.5
Türkiye	0.2	0.2	20.0	18.7
United Kingdom	7.6	8.0	0.3	0.2
Others	2.1	1.9	1.3	1.0
Other Europe	10.0	10.2	21.6	19.9
Kazakhstan	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russia	1.0	1.2	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	0.3	0.4	0.0	0.0
Other CIS	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.0
Russia & Other CIS + Ukraine	1.4	1.8	0.3	0.0
Canada	4.6	4.3	0.7	0.6
Mexico	1.2	1.6	2.3	1.4
United States	14.9	12.4	4.7	5.0
Other North America	1.1	1.2	0.2	0.2
North America	21.8	19.5	7.9	7.2
Brazil	0.7	0.9	0.0	0.0
Other South America	1.5	1.3	1.0	1.0
South America	2.2	2.2	1.1	1.0
South Africa	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.0
Other Africa	1.1	0.9	1.6	3.4
Africa	1.4	1.2	1.6	3.4
Middle East	2.7	2.7	0.5	0.6
China	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.3
Japan	6.5	7.7	0.1	0.1
South Korea	0.4	0.4	2.2	1.8
Taiwan, China	0.1	0.1	3.0	1.9
Other Asia	3.8	3.9	25.0	26.0
Asia	10.8	12.1	30.5	29.9
Oceania	3.0	3.2	0.0	0.0
World	95.9	95.3	95.1	93.7

World trade in ferrous scrap by area 2025

million tonnes

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

World steel trade in products
1975 to 2025

Exports are of finished and semi-finished steel products. Production of finished steel, where not available from national sources, is calculated from crude steel production, taking into account the continuous casting ratio.

Year	Exports	Production	Exports %
1975	114.7	506.9	22.6
1980	140.6	578.7	24.3
1985	171.0	599.0	28.5
1990	171.0	654.0	26.2
1995	246.6	685.7	36.0
2000	307.5	784.1	39.2
2001	300.5	786.3	38.2
2002	318.0	837.6	38.0
2003	333.6	899.7	37.1
2004	368.3	986.5	37.3
2005	373.3	1 066.6	35.0
2006	418.5	1 162.8	36.0
2007	446.8	1 256.7	35.6
2008	438.5	1 252.0	35.0
2009	330.1	1 156.9	28.5
2010	392.7	1 338.8	29.3
2011	418.7	1 436.8	29.1
2012	416.0	1 459.6	28.5
2013	412.6	1 544.8	26.7
2014	457.4	1 566.4	29.2
2015	467.4	1 519.8	30.8
2016	476.8	1 527.8	31.2
2017	462.9	1 625.3	28.5
2018	457.9	1 711.9	26.8
2019	445.4	1 755.9	25.4
2020	404.6	1 762.3	23.0
2021	462.2	1 837.2	25.2
2022	401.6	1 769.5	22.7
2023	427.5	1 783.3	24.0
2024	449.2	1766.8	25.4
2025	456.5	1731.2	26.4

World volume of trade, 2000 to 2025

World steel exports by product
2021 to 2025

million tonnes

	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Ingots and semi-finished material	72.8	52.9	61.7	61.9	71.2
Railway track material	2.8	2.6	3.1	3.2	3.0
Angles, shapes and sections	21.4	20.0	21.6	22.9	24.0
Concrete re-inforcing bars	23.4	17.2	17.7	20.1	21.0
Bars and rods, hot-rolled	15.5	12.9	12.6	12.2	14.8
Wire rod	30.9	27.0	23.8	25.3	27.7
Drawn wire	9.9	9.0	10.3	9.4	9.2
Other bars and rods	6.2	7.6	9.3	8.6	6.5
Hot-rolled strip	3.5	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.0
Cold-rolled strip	4.8	4.2	4.1	4.0	4.3
Hot-rolled sheets and coils	80.8	69.5	78.8	84.5	78.0
Plates	31.3	32.5	35.0	36.1	35.5
Cold-rolled sheets and coils	37.4	31.5	30.7	33.0	31.4
Electrical sheet and strip	5.1	5.3	4.6	4.7	5.1
Tinmill products	6.9	7.0	6.0	6.9	7.2
Galvanised sheet	47.7	40.4	42.8	46.4	45.8
Other coated sheet	21.8	17.6	19.2	22.9	24.1
Steel tubes and fittings	35.5	35.4	37.9	39.1	39.9
Wheels (forged and rolled) and axles	0.9	0.8	1.0	1.3	1.2
Castings	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.4
Forgings	1.0	1.1	1.1	0.9	1.0
Total	460.9	399.0	426.0	448.2	455.2

Exports data is reported by countries and therefore includes for example intra-EU trade, trade between USMCA countries, etc.

The figures are based on a broad definition of the steel industry and its products, including ingots, semi-finished products, hot-rolled and cold-finished products, tubes, wire, and unworked castings and forgings.

The above table comprises the exports of 118 countries, which represents approximately 99 per cent of total world trade in 2025.

World trade in steel by area
2025

million tonnes

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

Major importers and exporters of steel 2025

million tonnes

Rank	Total exports	Mt
1	China	133.6
2	Japan	29.8
3	South Korea	27.9
4	Germany ²	20.9
5	European Union (27) ¹	20.5
6	Türkiye	17.5
7	Russia	15.2
8	Belgium ²	14.7
9	Italy ²	14.3
10	Iran	13.5
11	Indonesia	11.6
12	Viet Nam	11.1
13	Brazil	11.0
14	India	9.9
15	France ²	9.7
16	Taiwan, China	8.5
17	Netherlands ²	8.5
18	Spain ²	7.9
19	Malaysia	7.3
20	United States	7.1

Rank	Total imports	Mt
1	European Union (27) ¹	43.7
2	United States	23.9
3	Italy ²	20.4
4	Germany ²	20.2
5	Türkiye	19.8
6	Thailand	15.5
7	Mexico	14.8
8	Viet Nam	13.5
9	United Arab Emirates	13.4
10	Indonesia	13.0
11	Belgium ²	12.6
12	Poland ²	12.6
13	South Korea	12.6
14	France ²	11.0
15	Spain ²	10.4
16	India	10.4
17	Philippines	8.7
18	Taiwan, China	8.3
19	Saudi Arabia	8.3
20	Netherlands ²	8.1

Rank	Net exports (exports – imports)	Mt
1	China	126.6
2	Japan	24.1
3	South Korea	15.4
4	Iran	12.0
5	Russia	10.4
6	Brazil	4.7
7	Austria ²	3.2
8	Belgium ²	2.1
9	Ukraine	1.7
10	Luxembourg ²	1.3
11	Qatar	1.2
12	Oman	1.1
13	Slovakia ²	1.0
14	Kazakhstan	0.8
15	Germany ²	0.7

Rank	Net imports (imports – exports)	Mt
1	European Union (27) ¹	23.3
2	United States	16.8
3	Thailand	13.9
4	Mexico	11.8
5	United Arab Emirates	11.0
6	Philippines	8.5
7	Poland ²	8.0
8	Saudi Arabia	7.6
9	Italy ²	6.1
10	United Kingdom	5.0
11	Iraq	4.7
12	Romania	4.4
13	Pakistan	3.9
14	Czechia ²	3.9
15	Singapore	3.5

¹ Excluding intra-regional trade
² Data for individual European Union (27) countries include intra-European trade

Indirect trade in steel
2000 to 2024

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

Year	Indirect Exports, Mt
2000	172.1
2005	249.2
2010	285.4
2011	323.8
2012	324.1
2013	319.1
2014	324.5
2015	322.3
2016	329.7
2017	341.5
2018	339.3
2019	344.3
2020	309.6
2021	368.6
2022	376.7
2023	391.5
2024	410.4

Indirect trade in steel takes place through exports and imports of steel-containing goods and is expressed in finished steel equivalent of products used.

An explanation of the methodology of indirect trade in steel can be found in the report ‘Indirect Trade in Steel Report (2014-2024)’ at worldsteel.org/publications/bookshop/indirect-trade.

True steel use
2020 to 2024

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
France	17.0	20.2	17.1	16.5	17.1
Germany	23.9	27.2	25.7	19.7	17.6
Italy	15.7	22.3	21.1	19.5	19.8
Spain	10.2	11.9	11.4	11.1	12.7
European Union (27)	118.9	145.8	134.5	117.9	121.4
Türkiye	26.1	29.2	28.2	35.1	35.0
United Kingdom	12.8	15.1	14.8	14.4	15.5
Other Europe	47.1	52.7	51.0	57.8	58.8
Russia	47.4	50.7	47.5	52.4	51.3
Russia & Other CIS + Ukraine	57.6	61.9	55.4	64.4	63.7
Canada	18.9	21.5	20.2	19.2	19.3
Mexico	16.4	19.0	19.7	23.6	21.7
United States	107.9	130.3	131.6	124.1	125.4
USMCA	143.1	170.8	171.6	166.9	166.4
Brazil	23.1	28.3	25.7	26.0	29.6
Central and South America	40.1	52.2	48.3	47.5	50.0
Africa and Middle East	73.5	73.8	75.7	78.6	90.3
China	941.2	860.3	829.5	802.0	729.5
Japan	37.9	42.9	39.6	39.2	38.4
South Korea	39.2	46.8	40.8	39.5	35.1
Asia and Oceania	1 209.1	1 164.7	1 133.3	1 122.2	1 066.8
Total ¹	1 689.4	1 721.8	1 669.9	1 655.3	1 617.4

¹ The total comprises 74 countries.

True steel use (TSU) is obtained by subtracting net indirect exports of steel from apparent steel use (ASU). Total TSU is not equal to ASU because of differences in country coverage and methodological specifics of indirect trade in steel calculations.

Major indirect importers and exporters of steel, 2024

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

Rank	Indirect Exports	Mt
1	China	136.9
2	Germany*	35.8
3	United States	21.2
4	South Korea	20.9
5	Japan	18.7
6	Mexico	17.2
7	Italy*	12.9
8	Poland*	10.6
9	France*	10.1
10	Türkiye	8.8

Rank	Indirect Imports	Mt
1	United States	57.5
2	Germany*	27.0
3	France*	15.7
4	United Kingdom*	13.1
5	Canada	12.6
6	Mexico	11.1
7	Italy*	9.8
8	China	9.7
9	Russia	8.5
10	Poland*	8.3

Rank	Net Indirect Exports (exports-imports)	Mt
1	China	127.1
2	South Korea	12.6
3	Japan	11.3
4	Germany*	8.9
5	Mexico	6.1

Rank	Net Indirect Imports (imports-exports)	Mt
1	United States	36.3
2	Russia	7.6
3	Australia	7.0
4	Canada	6.4
5	United Kingdom*	6.3

* Data for individual European Union (27) countries include intra-European trade

Apparent and true steel use per capita, 2024

Steel use by sector

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Notation used in this publication:

e	indicates a figure that has been estimated.
0.0	indicates that the quantity concerned is less than 0.05.
–	indicates zero or no data.

2024	True steel use per capita	Apparent steel use per capita
Brazil	139	123
United Kingdom	224	133
France	256	173
Mexico	166	212
United States	363	258
Spain	265	281
Russia	354	302
Germany	208	313
Canada	486	324
Italy	333	385
Japan	310	401
Turkey	400	438
China	514	604
South Korea	679	924